Autumn Leaves and Why They Change Color
Leaves are nature's food factories. Plants take water from the ground through their roots. They take carbon dioxide gas from the air. Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is a kind of sugar that plants use as food. Plants make glucose during photosynthesis.
Leaves are where most photosynthesis takes place. Leaves contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps leaves absorb sunlight. In the fall, there is less sunlight as days grow shorter. Trees begin to shut down their food-making factories. The chlorophyll in leaves breaks down. As chlorophyll disappears, other colors become visible.
Carotenoids are pigments that produce yellow, orange, and brown colors in leaves. They are present all year, but chlorophyll hides them in the spring and summer. Anthocyanins create red and purple colors. They are made in the fall. Cool nights help anthocyanins form.
Why exactly do trees shut down food production in the fall? Deciduous trees shed their leaves to conserve energy. Broad leaves would lose water during winter when the ground is frozen. By shedding leaves, deciduous trees reduce water loss. Evergreens keep their needle-shaped leaves all winter. The smaller surface area of needles reduces water loss.
Leaves don't just lose chlorophyll. Trees actually seal off and then push them out. Where a leaf stem connects to a branch is called the abscission zone. Cells across this zone begin to die off. A protective layer forms and cuts off flow between the leaf and the tree. Eventually the leaf breaks away and falls.
One tree may contain more than three hundred thousand leaves! That's a lot of sealing, severing, and shedding. But next spring, new leaves will emerge and the process starts again. The annual cycle of leaf color change and leaf drop is just one of nature's amazing spectacles.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Why leaves change color in the autumn
B. How photosynthesis occurs in leaves
C. The various pigments found in leaves
D. How deciduous and evergreen trees differ
2. Which of these best describes the organization of the passage?
A. It compares deciduous and evergreen trees.
B. It lists facts about autumn leaves randomly.
C. It poses a question about leaf color and then answers it.
D. It presents ideas in order from general to specific.
3. According to the passage, anthocyanins are responsible for which autumn leaf colors?
A. Yellow, orange and brown
B. Red and purple
C. Orange and brown
D. Red and brown
4. The author includes the detail about the abscission zone in order to
A. explain how leaves are shed from trees in autumn.
B. provide an example of a specialized leaf structure.
C. compare two types of leaf stem connections.
D. introduce the topic of leaf anatomy.
5. Based on information in the passage, trees shed their leaves in autumn to ____.
A. get rid of old chlorophyll
B. stop making glucose
C. reduce water loss
D. absorb more sunlight
6. Which statement best expresses the main idea of the third paragraph?
A. Leaves change color when chlorophyll breaks down
B. Anthocyanins form when nights are cool.
C. Carotenoids are present all year long.
D. Many pigments create autumn leaf colors.
7. The passage states that an evergreen tree's needles __
A. change colors in the fall
B. make sugar year-round
C. lose less water than broad leaves
D. contain large amounts of anthocyanins
8. Based on the information in the passage, which generalization can you make?
A. Evergreen trees are better adapted for cold climates than deciduous trees.
B. Photosynthesis slows down as daylight hours decrease in the fall.
C. Red and purple leaves contain the least amount of nutrients for a tree.
D. Leaves begin to die as soon as they change color in autumn.
</document_content>
</document>
<document index="2">
<source>Camping with the Night Sky</source>
<document_content>
Camping with the Night Sky
There's nothing quite like camping under a canopy of stars. From hiking trails and parks to wilderness areas and nature preserves, there are many great places in the U.S. to experience the night sky. Avoiding light pollution is key. Artificial lighting from cities makes it hard to see stars clearly. Heading to darker areas allows stellar sights to shine.
Pitching your tent beneath the stars has benefits beyond beautiful views. Breaking away from electric lights, screens, and devices offers a chance to reconnect with nature. Relaxing darkness promotes restful sleep. Crisp night air can rejuvenate the senses. And cooking over a campfire infuses food with smoky flavor!
Observing celestial events is a highlight of camping. Meteors streaking across the heavens are especially awesome. The Perseid meteor shower in August offers prime viewing. December's Geminids are another great show. Patient watchers may spot elusive phenomena like auroras too.
Don't forget the Milky Way either. This hazy band spanning the night sky glows with millions of stars. From remote camping spots, the galactic core of our spiral-shaped galaxy comes into focus. Bring binoculars or a telescope along to zoom in on nebulae, star clusters, and distant planets.
With portable LED lanterns for reading and flashlights for walking around, darkness doesn't mean sacrificing comfort and safety. And cozy sleeping bags, tents, and pads make camping under the stars totally doable. Just remember to pack warm layers if it gets chilly at night.
By escaping harsh artificial lights, campers gain fresh views of celestial wonders near and far. Gazing up at the boundless universe is both humbling and awe-inspiring. Exploring that realm millions of light years away also reminds us how small we really are. Spending time under nature's night sky offers perspective on what truly matters in our own little corner of the galaxy.
1. What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?
A. To compare types of telescopes for night sky viewing
B. To describe the Perseid and Geminid meteor showers
C. To explain how to pack properly for camping trips
D. To show the benefits of camping under the night sky
2. The passage suggests that the best views of the Milky Way can be found in ____ areas.
A. highly populated
B. moderately polluted
C. barely lit
D. frequently cloudy
3. Based on information in the passage, viewing aurora lights during camping trips is ____.
A. guaranteed
B. unlikely
C. impossible
D. possible
4. The author's statement that darkness "doesn't mean sacrificing comfort and safety" relates to which main idea of the passage?
A. Artificial lights make it hard to see stars clearly.
B. Camping under the stars reconnects people with nature.
C. Meteor showers provide great celestial shows.
D. You can still camp comfortably without electricity.
5. The author includes the figurative phrase "stellar sights" in paragraph 1 to emphasize ____.
A. the hazardous terrain in wilderness areas
B. the scary animals that come out at night
C. the incredible views of space while camping
D. the annoying insects present while camping
6. Based on the passage, which characteristic allows evergreen needles to reduce water loss?
A. Their waxy coating
B. Their small surface area
C. Their lack of chlorophyll
D. Their limited photosynthesis
7. The author's statement "Exploring that realm millions of light years away also reminds us how small we really are" suggests that viewing the night sky can make people feel ____.
A. confused
B. overwhelmed
C. encouraged
D. unimportant
8. Which sentence from the passage best supports the idea that camping without electronics can be beneficial?
A. Avoiding light pollution is key.
B. Artificial lighting from cities makes it hard to see stars clearly.
C. Relaxing darkness promotes restful sleep.
D. Crisp night air can rejuvenate the senses.
</document_content>
</document>
<document index="3">
<source>The Hidden World of Caves</source>
<document_content>
The Hidden World of Caves
Caves are found on every continent and exist in a wide range of sizes, shapes and types. Despite total darkness, caves support surprisingly diverse life forms. These subterranean habitats shelter strange animals uniquely adapted to the chill, cramped conditions. Let's explore the mysterious environments concealed underground.
Most caves form naturally when water dissolves limestone rock. Slow drips of acidic groundwater create cracks that grow into passages and caverns over time. As caves extend deeper, sunlight disappears. Temperatures hold steady around 60°F year-round. Without photosynthesis, plants cannot grow. Fungi feed on decaying matter that washes in.
Bats are among the most noticeable cave dwellers. While not blind, they use echolocation to navigate and hunt in complete blackness. Some fish, salamanders, frogs, and insects live entirely in caves too. Even larger animals like bears might den in caves for winter hibernation.
Other wildlife enter and exit caves. Bats swoop out at dusk to snatch bugs. Cave crickets forage outside but take refuge below. Some birds and mammals roost in caves when not seeking food. These regulars avoid total isolation underground.
Accustomed to dimness, specialized cave species fare poorly in sunlight. Translucent skin and blindness are common adaptations. Loss of pigment causes albinism in many. Eyesight depends on light and becomes irrelevant. Appendages like wings and legs may be reduced or missing.
Conserving energy is vital in nutrition-poor caves. Lower metabolic rates help cave-limited creatures survive famine. Unique animals eke out life in unlikely underground oases. Tales of scary monsters may keep people away, but there is nothing to fear in the screened-off stillness of caves.
1. The author's purpose for writing this passage is to ___.
A. describe the formation and features of caves
B. compare adaptations of different cave species
C. explain why caves are hazardous environments
D. argue why caves should be protected habitats
2. Which sentence from the passage best supports the idea that caves support a variety of life?
A. Caves are found on every continent and exist in a wide range of sizes, shapes and types.
B. Slow drips of acidic groundwater create cracks that grow into passages and caverns over time.
C. Despite total darkness, caves support surprisingly diverse life forms.
D. Conserving energy is vital in nutrition-poor caves.
3. Based on the passage, which animal depends on leaving the cave regularly to find food?
A. Fish
B. Cricket
C. Salamander
D. Bear
4. The author includes the detail about albinism in paragraph 5 in order to ___.
A. explain why many cave creatures have reduced eyesight
B. provide an example of a common cave adaptation
C. introduce the topic of creature movement underground
D. compare metabolic rates of different species
5. The author uses the phrase "ekes out life" in paragraph 6 to show that ___.
A. food is scarce in cave environments
B. caves get very crowded over time
C. metabolic rates vary between species
D. creatures fight each other for resources
6. Based on the passage, in what way do bats rely on echolocation while in caves?
A. To communicate with each other
B. To attract potential prey
C. To find their way around
D. To conserve energy
7. The passage suggests that deep cave temperatures stay steady because ___.
A. it's always winter underground
B. there are no seasons without sunlight
C. heat from the earth's core warms caves
D. cooler air sinks to lower depths
8. Which statement accurately summarizes the central idea of this passage?
A. Caves are scary places with dangerous monsters.
B. All types of creatures can adapt to cave environments.
C. Caves provide stable habitats for specialized wildlife.
D. People should take care not to harm fragile cave ecosystems.
</document_content>
</document>
<document index="4">
<source>The Science of Baking Cookies</source>
<document_content>
The Science of Baking Cookies
Baking requires careful measurements, step-by-step techniques, and chemical reactions. Understand the science, and you can create delicious treats like perfect cookies! Key concepts include the functions of major ingredients as well as the physical and chemical changes that occur during baking.
Flour provides structure in baked goods. Long strands of gluten protein toughen when mixed with liquid. Butter adds flavor and moisture to cookies. Sugars sweeten, while acting to spread and caramelize during baking. Eggs bind ingredients, trap air pockets, and help cookies rise. Leavening agents like baking soda produce carbon dioxide bubbles that make batter lighter.
Proper mixing techniques are also essential. Cutting butter into dry ingredients coats flour particles in fat. This makes baked goods tender instead of tough. Creaming butter and sugar incorporates air for lift. Carefully stirring in eggs preserves air pockets. Resting cookie dough in the fridge allows gluten to relax. The result is soft, chewy cookies.
Once scooped and shaped, cookies transform in the oven. Batters spread before setting as moisture evaporates. Sugars caramelize, adding depth of flavor. Fats melt, creating chewiness. Heat triggers rising agents to produce gases that make cookies puff up. Starches gelatinize to set cookies' structure. Proteins stiffen and brown. Reactions continue during cooling.
The perfect cookie balances sweetness, chew, crunchy edges and a tender center. Understanding ingredients, procedures, and processes allows bakers to tweak recipes to customize cookie textures. They can control spread and rise while maximizing caramelization and browning. Science illuminates ways to craft cookies with ideal color, softness and flavor.
1. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.
A. evaluate different recipes for baking cookies
B. describe the tools required to bake cookies
C. explain the scientific principles behind baking cookies
D. compare store-bought and homemade cookies
2. Based on the passage, creaming butter and sugar together helps cookies by ___.
A. allowing more air to be incorporated
B. preventing ingredients from separating
C. dissolving more sugar in the batter
D. reducing lumps while mixing
3. According to the passage, resting cookie dough in the refrigerator ___.
A. leads to flatter, crisper cookies
B. results in thicker, chewier cookies
C. causes cookies to overspread while baking
D. creates cracks on the surface of cookies
4. The passage suggests that sugars undergo caramelization during baking to ___.
A. help cookies hold their shape better
B. make cookies chewy in texture
C. add complex flavors to cookies
D. produce gases to make cookies rise
5. Based on the passage, which ingredient functions mainly as a leavening agent in cookies?
A. Flour
B. Butter
C. Eggs
D. Baking soda
6. The author includes the information about starch gelatinization in order to ___.
A. explain how cookies set their internal structure
B. provide an example of a chemical reaction
C. show why cookies change texture when cooled
D. introduce the effect of gluten on cookie textures
7. Which statement accurately summarizes the passage?
A. Many ingredients and steps are required to bake cookies, but the process is simple.
B. Understanding the roles of ingredients can help bakers tweak recipes to create ideal cookies.
C. Butter, flour, sugar and eggs undergo physical and chemical changes during cookie baking.
Here are four original nonfiction reading passages with comprehension questions designed for 4th-6th grade students:
<documents>
<document index="1">
<source>Autumn Leaves and Why They Change Color</source>
<document_content>
Autumn Leaves and Why They Change Color
Leaves are nature's food factories. Plants take water from the ground through their roots. They take carbon dioxide gas from the air. Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is a kind of sugar that plants use as food. Plants make glucose during photosynthesis.
Leaves are where most photosynthesis takes place. Leaves contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps leaves absorb sunlight. In the fall, there is less sunlight as days grow shorter. Trees begin to shut down their food-making factories. The chlorophyll in leaves breaks down. As chlorophyll disappears, other colors become visible.
Carotenoids are pigments that produce yellow, orange, and brown colors in leaves. They are present all year, but chlorophyll hides them in the spring and summer. Anthocyanins create red and purple colors. They are made in the fall. Cool nights help anthocyanins form.
Why exactly do trees shut down food production in the fall? Deciduous trees shed their leaves to conserve energy. Broad leaves would lose water during winter when the ground is frozen. By shedding leaves, deciduous trees reduce water loss. Evergreens keep their needle-shaped leaves all winter. The smaller surface area of needles reduces water loss.
Leaves don't just lose chlorophyll. Trees actually seal off and then push them out. Where a leaf stem connects to a branch is called the abscission zone. Cells across this zone begin to die off. A protective layer forms and cuts off flow between the leaf and the tree. Eventually the leaf breaks away and falls.
One tree may contain more than three hundred thousand leaves! That's a lot of sealing, severing, and shedding. But next spring, new leaves will emerge and the process starts again. The annual cycle of leaf color change and leaf drop is just one of nature's amazing spectacles.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Why leaves change color in the autumn
B. How photosynthesis occurs in leaves
C. The various pigments found in leaves
D. How deciduous and evergreen trees differ
2. Which of these best describes the organization of the passage?
A. It compares deciduous and evergreen trees.
B. It lists facts about autumn leaves randomly.
C. It poses a question about leaf color and then answers it.
D. It presents ideas in order from general to specific.
3. According to the passage, anthocyanins are responsible for which autumn leaf colors?
A. Yellow, orange and brown
B. Red and purple
C. Orange and brown
D. Red and brown
4. The author includes the detail about the abscission zone in order to
A. explain how leaves are shed from trees in autumn.
B. provide an example of a specialized leaf structure.
C. compare two types of leaf stem connections.
D. introduce the topic of leaf anatomy.
5. Based on information in the passage, trees shed their leaves in autumn to ____.
A. get rid of old chlorophyll
B. stop making glucose
C. reduce water loss
D. absorb more sunlight
6. Which statement best expresses the main idea of the third paragraph?
A. Leaves change color when chlorophyll breaks down.
B. Anthocyanins form when nights are cool.
C. Carotenoids are present all year long.
D. Many pigments create autumn leaf colors.
7. The passage states that an evergreen tree's needles ____.
A. change colors in the fall
B. make sugar year-round
C. lose less water than broad leaves
D. contain large amounts of anthocyanins
8. Based on the information in the passage, which generalization can you make?
A. Evergreen trees are better adapted for cold climates than deciduous trees.
B. Photosynthesis slows down as daylight hours decrease in the fall.
C. Red and purple leaves contain the least amount of nutrients for a tree.
D. Leaves begin to die as soon as they change color in autumn.
</document_content>
</document>
<document index="2">
<source>Camping with the Night Sky</source>
<document_content>
Camping with the Night Sky
There's nothing quite like camping under a canopy of stars. From hiking trails and parks to wilderness areas and nature preserves, there are many great places in the U.S. to experience the night sky. Avoiding light pollution is key. Artificial lighting from cities makes it hard to see stars clearly. Heading to darker areas allows stellar sights to shine.
Pitching your tent beneath the stars has benefits beyond beautiful views. Breaking away from electric lights, screens, and devices offers a chance to reconnect with nature. Relaxing darkness promotes restful sleep. Crisp night air can rejuvenate the senses. And cooking over a campfire infuses food with smoky flavor!
Observing celestial events is a highlight of camping. Meteors streaking across the heavens are especially awesome. The Perseid meteor shower in August offers prime viewing. December's Geminids are another great show. Patient watchers may spot elusive phenomena like auroras too.
Don't forget the Milky Way either. This hazy band spanning the night sky glows with millions of stars. From remote camping spots, the galactic core of our spiral-shaped galaxy comes into focus. Bring binoculars or a telescope along to zoom in on nebulae, star clusters, and distant planets.
With portable LED lanterns for reading and flashlights for walking around, darkness doesn't mean sacrificing comfort and safety. And cozy sleeping bags, tents, and pads make camping under the stars totally doable. Just remember to pack warm layers if it gets chilly at night.
By escaping harsh artificial lights, campers gain fresh views of celestial wonders near and far. Gazing up at the boundless universe is both humbling and awe-inspiring. Exploring that realm millions of light years away also reminds us how small we really are. Spending time under nature's night sky offers perspective on what truly matters in our own little corner of the galaxy.
1. What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?
A. To compare types of telescopes for night sky viewing
B. To describe the Perseid and Geminid meteor showers
C. To explain how to pack properly for camping trips
D. To show the benefits of camping under the night sky
2. The passage suggests that the best views of the Milky Way can be found in ____ areas.
A. highly populated
B. moderately polluted
C. barely lit
D. frequently cloudy
3. Based on information in the passage, viewing aurora lights during camping trips is ____.
A. guaranteed
B. unlikely
C. impossible
D. possible
4. The author's statement that darkness "doesn't mean sacrificing comfort and safety" relates to which main idea of the passage?
A. Artificial lights make it hard to see stars clearly.
B. Camping under the stars reconnects people with nature.
C. Meteor showers provide great celestial shows.
D. You can still camp comfortably without electricity.
5. The author includes the figurative phrase "stellar sights" in paragraph 1 to emphasize ____.
A. the hazardous terrain in wilderness areas
B. the scary animals that come out at night
C. the incredible views of space while camping
D. the annoying insects present while camping
6. Based on the passage, which characteristic allows evergreen needles to reduce water loss?
A. Their waxy coating
B. Their small surface area
C. Their lack of chlorophyll
D. Their limited photosynthesis
7. The author's statement "Exploring that realm millions of light years away also reminds us how small we really are" suggests that viewing the night sky can make people feel ____.
A. confused
B. overwhelmed
C. encouraged
D. unimportant
8. Which sentence from the passage best supports the idea that camping without electronics can be beneficial?
A. Avoiding light pollution is key.
B. Artificial lighting from cities makes it hard to see stars clearly.
C. Relaxing darkness promotes restful sleep.
D. Crisp night air can rejuvenate the senses.
</document_content>
</document>
<document index="3">
<source>The Hidden World of Caves</source>
<document_content>
The Hidden World of Caves
Caves are found on every continent and exist in a wide range of sizes, shapes and types. Despite total darkness, caves support surprisingly diverse life forms. These subterranean habitats shelter strange animals uniquely adapted to the chill, cramped conditions. Let's explore the mysterious environments concealed underground.
Most caves form naturally when water dissolves limestone rock. Slow drips of acidic groundwater create cracks that grow into passages and caverns over time. As caves extend deeper, sunlight disappears. Temperatures hold steady around 60°F year-round. Without photosynthesis, plants cannot grow. Fungi feed on decaying matter that washes in.
Bats are among the most noticeable cave dwellers. While not blind, they use echolocation to navigate and hunt in complete blackness. Some fish, salamanders, frogs, and insects live entirely in caves too. Even larger animals like bears might den in caves for winter hibernation.
Other wildlife enter and exit caves. Bats swoop out at dusk to snatch bugs. Cave crickets forage outside but take refuge below. Some birds and mammals roost in caves when not seeking food. These regulars avoid total isolation underground.
Accustomed to dimness, specialized cave species fare poorly in sunlight. Translucent skin and blindness are common adaptations. Loss of pigment causes albinism in many. Eyesight depends on light and becomes irrelevant. Appendages like wings and legs may be reduced or missing.
Conserving energy is vital in nutrition-poor caves. Lower metabolic rates help cave-limited creatures survive famine. Unique animals eke out life in unlikely underground oases. Tales of scary monsters may keep people away, but there is nothing to fear in the screened-off stillness of caves.
1. The author's purpose for writing this passage is to ___.
A. describe the formation and features of caves
B. compare adaptations of different cave species
C. explain why caves are hazardous environments
D. argue why caves should be protected habitats
2. Which sentence from the passage best supports the idea that caves support a variety of life?
A. Caves are found on every continent and exist in a wide range of sizes, shapes and types.
B. Slow drips of acidic groundwater create cracks that grow into passages and caverns over time.
C. Despite total darkness, caves support surprisingly diverse life forms.
D. Conserving energy is vital in nutrition-poor caves.
3. Based on the passage, which animal depends on leaving the cave regularly to find food?
A. Fish
B. Cricket
C. Salamander
D. Bear
4. The author includes the detail about albinism in paragraph 5 in order to ___.
A. explain why many cave creatures have reduced eyesight
B. provide an example of a common cave adaptation
C. introduce the topic of creature movement underground
D. compare metabolic rates of different species
5. The author uses the phrase "ekes out life" in paragraph 6 to show that ___.
A. food is scarce in cave environments
B. caves get very crowded over time
C. metabolic rates vary between species
D. creatures fight each other for resources
6. Based on the passage, in what way do bats rely on echolocation while in caves?
A. To communicate with each other
B. To attract potential prey
C. To find their way around
D. To conserve energy
7. The passage suggests that deep cave temperatures stay steady because ___.
A. it's always winter underground
B. there are no seasons without sunlight
C. heat from the earth's core warms caves
D. cooler air sinks to lower depths
8. Which statement accurately summarizes the central idea of this passage?
A. Caves are scary places with dangerous monsters.
B. All types of creatures can adapt to cave environments.
C. Caves provide stable habitats for specialized wildlife.
D. People should take care not to harm fragile cave ecosystems.
</document_content>
</document>
<document index="4">
<source>The Science of Baking Cookies</source>
<document_content>
The Science of Baking Cookies
Baking requires careful measurements, step-by-step techniques, and chemical reactions. Understand the science, and you can create delicious treats like perfect cookies! Key concepts include the functions of major ingredients as well as the physical and chemical changes that occur during baking.
Flour provides structure in baked goods. Long strands of gluten protein toughen when mixed with liquid. Butter adds flavor and moisture to cookies. Sugars sweeten, while acting to spread and caramelize during baking. Eggs bind ingredients, trap air pockets, and help cookies rise. Leavening agents like baking soda produce carbon dioxide bubbles that make batter lighter.
Proper mixing techniques are also essential. Cutting butter into dry ingredients coats flour particles in fat. This makes baked goods tender instead of tough. Creaming butter and sugar incorporates air for lift. Carefully stirring in eggs preserves air pockets. Resting cookie dough in the fridge allows gluten to relax. The result is soft, chewy cookies.
Once scooped and shaped, cookies transform in the oven. Batters spread before setting as moisture evaporates. Sugars caramelize, adding depth of flavor. Fats melt, creating chewiness. Heat triggers rising agents to produce gases that make cookies puff up. Starches gelatinize to set cookies' structure. Proteins stiffen and brown. Reactions continue during cooling.
The perfect cookie balances sweetness, chew, crunchy edges and a tender center. Understanding ingredients, procedures, and processes allows bakers to tweak recipes to customize cookie textures. They can control spread and rise while maximizing caramelization and browning. Science illuminates ways to craft cookies with ideal color, softness and flavor.
1. The main purpose of the passage is to ___.
A. evaluate different recipes for baking cookies
B. describe the tools required to bake cookies
C. explain the scientific principles behind baking cookies
D. compare store-bought and homemade cookies
2. Based on the passage, creaming butter and sugar together helps cookies by ___.
A. allowing more air to be incorporated
B. preventing ingredients from separating
C. dissolving more sugar in the batter
D. reducing lumps while mixing
3. According to the passage, resting cookie dough in the refrigerator ___.
A. leads to flatter, crisper cookies
B. results in thicker, chewier cookies
C. causes cookies to overspread while baking
D. creates cracks on the surface of cookies
4. The passage suggests that sugars undergo caramelization during baking to ___.
A. help cookies hold their shape better
B. make cookies chewy in texture
C. add complex flavors to cookies
D. produce gases to make cookies rise
5. Based on the passage, which ingredient functions mainly as a leavening agent in cookies?
A. Flour
B. Butter
C. Eggs
D. Baking soda
6. The author includes the information about starch gelatinization in order to ___.
A. explain how cookies set their internal structure
B. provide an example of a chemical reaction
C. show why cookies change texture when cooled
D. introduce the effect of gluten on cookie textures
7. Which statement accurately summarizes the passage?
A. Many ingredients and steps are required to bake cookies, but the process is simple.
B. Understanding the roles of ingredients can help bakers tweak recipes to create ideal cookies.
C. Butter, flour, sugar and eggs undergo physical and chemical changes during cookie baking.
D. Dough must be chilled before baking so cookies spread evenly and maintain a rounded shape.
8. Based on the passage, a baker could adjust cookie recipes to create crunchier cookies by ___.
A. adding more eggs to the batter
B. increasing the baking temperature
C. doubling the amount of butter
D. reducing the amount of leavening agents
</document_content>
</document>
</documents>
D. Dough must be chilled before baking so cookies spread evenly and maintain a rounded shape.
8. Based on the passage, a baker could adjust cookie recipes to create crunchier cookies by ___.
A. adding more eggs to the batter
B. increasing the baking temperature
C. doubling the amount of butter
D. reducing the amount of leavening agents
</document_content>
</document>
</documents>
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