Reading Topics

Sunday, October 9, 2022

5 Earth Systems: Kids Science

The five Earth systems are the geosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Each of these systems plays a crucial role in shaping and sustaining the Earth's ecosystem. Here's a brief explanation of each system:

1. Geosphere: The geosphere refers to the solid parts of the Earth, including the rocks, minerals, and landforms. It encompasses the Earth's crust, mantle, and core. The geosphere is responsible for the formation of mountains, continents, and other geological features. It also influences the distribution of resources and provides a habitat for certain organisms.

1. Geosphere: The geosphere is an essential Earth system that encompasses the solid components of the planet. It includes the Earth's crust, mantle, and core. The geosphere plays a fundamental role in shaping the Earth's surface and influencing geological processes. Here's a more detailed elaboration:

The Earth's Crust: The outermost layer of the geosphere is the Earth's crust. It is composed of various types of rocks, such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. The crust is not uniformly thick and varies in thickness beneath different regions of the Earth's surface. It is divided into large tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them. These plates move and interact with one another, leading to phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountain ranges.

The Mantle: Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle, which is the thickest layer of the geosphere. The mantle is composed of solid but flowing rock material. It experiences convection currents that contribute to the movement of tectonic plates on the Earth's surface. The mantle's heat and pressure conditions play a crucial role in the melting and upwelling of magma, leading to volcanic activity.

The Core: At the center of the Earth is the core, which is further divided into the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is composed of liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core is a solid sphere consisting mainly of iron. The core generates the Earth's magnetic field through a process called the dynamo effect. This magnetic field plays a vital role in protecting the Earth from harmful solar radiation and influencing the behavior of compass needles.

Formation of Mountains and Continents: The geosphere is responsible for the formation of majestic mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, Andes, and Rockies. These mountains are the result of tectonic plate collisions, where the crust is pushed upward, folded, and faulted due to the immense forces generated by the movement of the Earth's plates. Similarly, the geosphere is involved in the formation of continents through processes like continental drift, where land masses move and collide over millions of years.

Distribution of Resources: The geosphere plays a significant role in the distribution of Earth's resources. Minerals, such as gold, copper, iron, and coal, are found within the Earth's crust and are extracted for various purposes. The geosphere also contains valuable energy resources, including fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal. Understanding the geosphere's composition and geological processes is crucial for identifying and exploiting these resources sustainably.

Habitat for Organisms: The geosphere provides habitats for various organisms. It includes diverse ecosystems such as deserts, forests, grasslands, and mountains. Different organisms have adapted to thrive in specific geological environments, taking advantage of the available resources and conditions. For example, certain plants are well-suited to grow in rocky terrains, while burrowing animals find shelter in underground formations. The geosphere's features and composition influence the distribution and characteristics of these habitats.

In summary, the geosphere encompasses the solid components of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It is responsible for the formation of mountains, continents, and other geological features. The geosphere influences the distribution of Earth's resources and provides habitats for various organisms. Understanding the geosphere is crucial for studying Earth's history, geological processes, and the interplay between the planet's physical features and its living organisms.

2. Biosphere: The biosphere comprises all living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It encompasses various ecosystems such as forests, oceans, deserts, and grasslands. The biosphere interacts with the other Earth systems to create a delicate balance of energy and matter exchange. Organisms depend on the biosphere for food, shelter, and other resources.

Biosphere: The biosphere is a vital Earth system that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the environment. It extends from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains and from the most remote forests to the bustling cities. Here's a more detailed expansion on the concept:

Ecosystems and Biodiversity: The biosphere consists of diverse ecosystems that support a wide array of plant, animal, and microbial life. These ecosystems can range from lush rainforests to expansive coral reefs, from vast grasslands to icy tundra. Each ecosystem has its unique set of organisms adapted to its specific environmental conditions. The biosphere's immense biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability and resilience of the Earth's ecosystems.

Interactions with the Physical Environment: The biosphere interacts closely with other Earth systems. For instance, plants in the biosphere undergo photosynthesis, using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and store energy in the form of carbohydrates. This process contributes to the cycling of carbon and oxygen in the atmosphere and the regulation of the planet's climate. Additionally, the biosphere interacts with the hydrosphere through processes like evaporation, precipitation, and the water cycle, influencing the distribution of water resources.

Energy and Matter Exchange: Within the biosphere, energy and matter flow among living organisms and their environment. Producers, such as plants and algae, capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. This energy is then transferred through the food chain as organisms consume and are consumed by others. Nutrients and organic matter are recycled as decomposers break down dead organisms and waste, replenishing the soil and providing essential elements for new growth.

Dependency on the Biosphere: All organisms, including humans, depend on the biosphere for their survival and well-being. The biosphere provides essential resources such as food, water, shelter, and medicine. It also offers various ecosystem services, including climate regulation, water purification, soil fertility, and pollination. Human activities can impact the biosphere through habitat destruction, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. Understanding the intricate web of life within the biosphere is crucial for conserving biodiversity and maintaining the planet's ecological balance.

Adaptation and Evolution: Organisms in the biosphere continuously adapt to their surroundings through the process of natural selection. They evolve traits that enhance their chances of survival and reproduction in specific environments. Over time, this leads to the diversification of species and the formation of complex ecological relationships. The biosphere's evolutionary processes have shaped the Earth's biodiversity and continue to unfold, providing opportunities for scientific inquiry and discovery.

Conservation and Sustainability: Recognizing the value and fragility of the biosphere, efforts are made to conserve and sustainably manage its resources. Conservation practices aim to protect endangered species, preserve ecosystems, and maintain ecological integrity. Sustainable practices involve balancing human needs with the long-term health of the biosphere, ensuring that future generations can continue to benefit from its services. Education and awareness play a vital role in promoting responsible stewardship of the biosphere and fostering a sense of environmental responsibility.

In summary, the biosphere encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the environment. It includes diverse ecosystems and is essential for supporting life on Earth. The biosphere influences and is influenced by other Earth systems, and it plays a crucial role in energy and matter exchange. Humans and other organisms rely on the biosphere for resources and services, highlighting the need for conservation and sustainable practices. Understanding the complexity and interconnectedness of the biosphere is fundamental to studying life on Earth and promoting its long-term well-being.

3. Cryosphere: The cryosphere consists of all the frozen water on Earth, including glaciers, ice caps, snow, and permafrost. It plays a crucial role in regulating global climate by reflecting sunlight back into space and affecting ocean currents. The cryosphere also provides habitats for specialized organisms and influences water availability in different regions.

Cryosphere: The cryosphere refers to the portion of the Earth's system that is composed of frozen water. It encompasses a variety of forms, including glaciers, ice caps, icebergs, sea ice, snow cover, and permafrost. Here's a more detailed expansion on the concept:

Regulation of Global Climate: The cryosphere plays a significant role in the regulation of global climate. Ice and snow have high albedo, meaning they reflect a significant amount of sunlight back into space. This reflective property helps to cool the Earth's surface by reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed. By reflecting sunlight, the cryosphere helps to regulate temperature patterns, particularly in polar regions. Changes in the cryosphere, such as melting glaciers and reduced snow cover, can affect the overall energy balance of the Earth's climate system.

Water Storage and Distribution: The cryosphere is a crucial reservoir of freshwater, storing vast amounts of water in the form of ice. During periods of melting, such as in warmer seasons or in response to climate change, this stored water is released, contributing to the water supply of rivers, lakes, and groundwater systems. The gradual melting of glaciers and ice caps over time also contributes to sea-level rise, which has implications for coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide.

Habitat for Specialized Organisms: Despite the extreme conditions, the cryosphere supports a surprising variety of life forms. From microorganisms that live within ice to large mammals that thrive in polar regions, numerous species have adapted to survive in these icy environments. Examples include polar bears, penguins, seals, and a range of cold-adapted fish and invertebrates. The cryosphere provides unique habitats and ecological niches for these specialized organisms, contributing to the overall biodiversity of the planet.

Influence on Ocean Circulation: Melting ice from the cryosphere has a significant impact on ocean currents and circulation patterns. As freshwater from melting glaciers and ice caps enters the ocean, it can affect the density and salinity of seawater, potentially disrupting oceanic currents. Changes in ocean circulation patterns can have far-reaching consequences for climate systems and the distribution of heat around the globe.

Indication of Climate Change: The cryosphere is highly sensitive to changes in temperature and is considered a key indicator of climate change. The shrinking of glaciers, thinning of sea ice, and reduction of snow cover in certain regions are all observed impacts of global warming. Monitoring the cryosphere provides scientists with valuable data to understand the effects of climate change and make predictions about future environmental changes.

Water Resource Management: The cryosphere has a direct impact on water availability in different regions. Melting snow and ice contribute to freshwater supplies, which are essential for human populations, agriculture, and ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of the cryosphere is crucial for effective water resource management, particularly in areas where the cryosphere acts as a natural reservoir or regulates the timing and quantity of water flow.

Research and Exploration: The cryosphere continues to be an area of active research and exploration. Scientists study ice cores to understand past climate conditions, examine the dynamics of glaciers to predict their behavior, and investigate the impact of changing snow cover on ecosystems. Exploration of the polar regions, where the cryosphere is most extensive, provides valuable insights into Earth's history, climate patterns, and the potential for discovering new species and adaptations.

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies: The changing cryosphere poses challenges and opportunities for mitigation and adaptation strategies. Efforts are underway to mitigate climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing the loss of ice and snow. Adaptation strategies focus on understanding and preparing for the impacts of cryospheric changes, such as developing coastal defenses against rising sea levels or implementing measures to conserve water resources in regions heavily reliant on glacial meltwater.

In summary, the cryosphere represents the frozen water component of the Earth's system and encompasses glaciers, ice caps, snow, and permafrost. It plays a crucial role in global climate regulation, water storage and distribution, and provides unique habitats for specialized organisms. Changes in the cryosphere are closely linked to climate change and have implications for ocean circulation, water resources, and ecological systems. Studying and understanding the cryosphere is vital for assessing the impacts of climate change, developing sustainable water management strategies, and preserving fragile ecosystems.

4. Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere refers to all the water on Earth, including oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor. It plays a vital role in the Earth's climate system, acting as a medium for heat transfer and regulating temperature. The hydrosphere supports diverse aquatic ecosystems and provides water for drinking, agriculture, and other human activities.

Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere encompasses all the water on Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and even water vapor in the atmosphere. It is an essential component of the Earth's system and plays a crucial role in various aspects of our planet. Here's an expansion and elaboration on the concept:

Climate Regulation: The hydrosphere plays a significant role in the regulation of Earth's climate. Water acts as a medium for heat transfer, absorbing and releasing large amounts of heat energy. The movement of water through various processes, such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, helps distribute heat around the globe, influencing weather patterns and the overall climate system. The hydrosphere, particularly the vast oceans, acts as a heat sink, absorbing and storing heat from the sun and releasing it slowly over time.

Aquatic Ecosystems: The hydrosphere supports a wide range of aquatic ecosystems, including marine, freshwater, and brackish environments. These ecosystems are home to diverse plant and animal species, providing habitats for marine life such as coral reefs, kelp forests, wetlands, and estuaries. The hydrosphere supports a complex web of interactions among organisms, including food chains, nutrient cycling, and various ecological processes that contribute to the overall health and functioning of these ecosystems.

Water Supply: The hydrosphere is the primary source of freshwater, which is essential for various human activities, including drinking, agriculture, industry, and sanitation. Rivers, lakes, and groundwater reservoirs serve as freshwater sources for communities around the world. However, it is important to note that only a small fraction of Earth's water is freshwater, and the availability of clean, potable water is a pressing global issue. Sustainable water management practices and conservation efforts are crucial for ensuring a reliable and equitable water supply.

Weather and Precipitation: The hydrosphere plays a critical role in the formation of weather patterns and the occurrence of precipitation. Through the processes of evaporation, condensation, and transpiration, water vapor is released into the atmosphere, forming clouds and ultimately leading to rainfall, snowfall, or other forms of precipitation. The distribution and amount of precipitation in different regions have profound effects on local climates, ecosystems, and human activities such as agriculture and water resource planning.

Hydrological Cycle: The hydrosphere is part of the Earth's hydrological cycle, which is a continuous process of water movement and exchange between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. This cycle involves processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater flow. The hydrological cycle is essential for the natural distribution and recycling of water, ensuring its availability for various ecosystems and human needs.

Water as a Solvent: Water's unique properties as a solvent are crucial for many chemical and biological processes. It allows for the dissolution of minerals, nutrients, and gases, facilitating their transport and availability for organisms. The hydrosphere acts as a medium for nutrient cycling and the transport of essential elements, playing a vital role in supporting life and ecological processes.

Erosion and Landforms: The hydrosphere is a powerful agent of erosion, shaping the Earth's landforms over millions of years. Moving water, in the form of rivers, streams, and waves, erodes rocks and sediments, carrying them to different locations and depositing them to form new landforms. Examples of water-driven landforms include canyons, valleys, deltas, and coastal features such as cliffs and beaches. The erosive power of water contributes to the continuous reshaping of the Earth's surface.

Oceanic Circulation: The hydrosphere, particularly the oceans, plays a crucial role in global oceanic circulation. Ocean currents, driven by various factors such as temperature, salinity, and wind patterns, distribute heat around the planet and influence climate. These currents also transport nutrients, marine organisms, and pollutants, impacting marine ecosystems on a global scale.

Understanding the hydrosphere and its interactions with other Earth systems is vital for addressing water-related challenges, managing water resources sustainably, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. It highlights the intricate connections between water, climate, ecosystems, and human well-being, emphasizing the importance of responsible stewardship and conservation efforts.

5. Atmosphere: The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. It consists of various gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere protects the Earth from harmful solar radiation, regulates temperature, and helps distribute heat and moisture around the globe. It also plays a crucial role in weather patterns and climate.

Atmosphere: The atmosphere is a vital component of Earth's system, encompassing the layer of gases that surrounds the planet. It serves multiple essential functions that are crucial for sustaining life and shaping the Earth's climate. Here's an expansion and elaboration on the concept:

Protective Shield: One of the primary roles of the atmosphere is to act as a protective shield for the Earth's surface. It absorbs and filters a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, preventing it from reaching the surface and safeguarding living organisms from its damaging effects. The presence of the ozone layer in the stratosphere plays a crucial role in shielding the biosphere from harmful UV radiation.

Temperature Regulation: The atmosphere helps regulate the Earth's temperature through various mechanisms. It allows for the absorption and retention of solar energy, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the lower atmosphere, preventing it from escaping into space. This greenhouse effect maintains a relatively stable average temperature on Earth, making it suitable for supporting life.

Heat Distribution: The atmosphere plays a critical role in redistributing heat around the planet. Through processes such as convection, conduction, and advection, heat energy is transferred from regions of surplus to those of deficit. Warm air rises in the atmosphere, creating areas of low pressure, while cooler air sinks, leading to areas of high pressure. These pressure differences drive atmospheric circulation, including the formation of winds and weather patterns, which help distribute heat globally.

Weather and Climate: The atmosphere is intimately linked to weather and climate. Weather refers to the short-term variations in atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation, occurring over hours to days. Climate, on the other hand, refers to long-term patterns and averages of weather conditions over a specific region or the entire planet. The composition and dynamics of the atmosphere, including air pressure, temperature gradients, and moisture content, influence the development of weather systems and the occurrence of climate patterns.

Air Quality: The quality of the air we breathe is directly influenced by the composition of the atmosphere. Human activities, such as industrial processes, transportation, and agriculture, can release pollutants into the air, affecting air quality and human health. The atmosphere acts as a medium for the dispersion and transport of pollutants, impacting local, regional, and even global air quality. Monitoring and understanding atmospheric composition and pollutants are crucial for mitigating air pollution and its impacts.

Hydrological Cycle: The atmosphere plays a crucial role in the Earth's hydrological cycle, which involves the continuous movement and exchange of water between the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Through processes such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, water is cycled through the atmosphere, distributing it across different regions of the planet. The atmosphere acts as a conduit for the transport of water vapor, facilitating the occurrence of rainfall, snowfall, and other forms of precipitation.

Wind Patterns: The atmosphere's circulation patterns give rise to winds, which play a significant role in shaping weather patterns, ocean currents, and the distribution of heat and moisture. Global-scale wind systems, such as the trade winds and the jet stream, are driven by temperature gradients and the Earth's rotation. These wind systems influence weather patterns, air pollution dispersion, and the navigation of ships and aircraft.

Space Exploration: The atmosphere is also of critical importance for space exploration. It acts as a protective barrier against micrometeoroids and space debris, burning them up as they enter the Earth's atmosphere. The study of the atmosphere's composition, dynamics, and behavior is essential for understanding the conditions for space travel, re-entry of spacecraft, and the potential habitability of other celestial bodies.

Understanding the atmosphere's composition, dynamics, and interactions with the other Earth systems is crucial for predicting weather patterns, studying climate change, and developing strategies for mitigating the impacts of human activities. It highlights the intricate web of connections between the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address global environmental challenges.

These five Earth systems are interconnected and constantly interact with one another, creating a dynamic and complex system that sustains life on our planet. Understanding these systems and their interactions is essential for studying and addressing environmental issues and promoting the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants.

Everything in Earth's system can be placed into one of four major subsystems: land, water, living things, or air. 

Earth and Space Systems

Astronomy: Space Systems CKS 

What is the Biosphere?

The Biosphere: A Closed System

PROBLEM-SOLVING ACTIVITY: HOW DO EARTH’S SPHERES INTERACT?

Biosphere Encyclopedia of Earth 

Earth System Play

Cross-Curricular Activities Connected to Earth Science, Grade 5 Earth and Space Systems

What Is The Earth's Atmosphere?

TEACHER BACKGROUND: EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE

Lesson One (Teacher)“Introduction to the Atmosphere”

The Ozone HoleWe Need More Sunscreen

UAMN Virtual Family Day: Amazing EarthAtmosphere Collage 

Identify the layers of Earth’s atmosphere

What is the Earth's Geosphere?

The Earth System The Geosphere

Directed Reading PacketGeosphere Unit

The 4 Spheres of the EarthLearn about the Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere and Lithosphere 

What Is The Earth's Hydrosphere?

Water is Life: The Earth’s Hydrosphere and Its Impact on Living SystemsGrades 6-8 Earth Science Module

Earth systems. Atmosphere Biosphere. Earth Systems. Hydrosphere Geosphere and. Cryosphere.

What Is the Earth's Cryosphere?

How do Earth Systems Interact?

Geosphere-biosphere-hydrosphere interactions in the Earth

Climate Kids Activities

cartoon of a solar oven with smores cooking inside.

Make Sun s'mores! You won't need a campfire for these.



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photo of a terrarium.

Make a terrarium mini-garden! Put the greenhouse effect to work.



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cartoon of a completed tshirt bag.

Make your own bird feeder! Want to take a close-up look at the birds in your neighborhood? Follow these simple instructions to make a bird feeder that birds won’t be able to resist!



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a decorated lampshade in the grass.

Make a garden lampshade! In this activity, you can make a garden on a lampshade. When you turn the light on, you can see what’s in the soil.



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a container filled with blue jello.

Make an ocean ecosystem dessert! In this activity, learn to make a cool and tasty version of the ocean ecosystem at home!



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two spacecraft above the Earth with text that reads we make a good team.

NASA Climate Kids Valentines! Print these NASA Climate Kids Valentine's Day cards and give them to family and friends!



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six pumpkinds stacked on top of each other.

Make a NASA Climate Kids Pumpkin! Celebrate the fall season and Halloween by making your very own NASA Climate Kids pumpkins with these easy-to-use stencils!



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Climate Kids Posters and Guides

cartoon of a leaf growing out of the dirt.

A Guide to Climate Change for Kids! NASA scientists have been studying Earth’s climate for more than 40 years. We used what we’ve learned in that time to answer some of your biggest questions!



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cartoon of various superheroes.

Meet the Greenhouse Gases! These trading cards will teach you what these gases are all about!



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Cartoon of Earth with a thermometer next to it.

What's the difference between weather and climate? Check out this poster to find out and to learn about how NASA satellites are keeping an eye on conditions on Earth!



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View on the Climate Kids website


Sunday, September 11, 2022

Question Stems for Maths Oracy and Number Talks

Questions I can ask my fellow mathematicians… 

Mathematical Reasoning and Problem-Solving, Sentence Stems, SentenceStarters, Harkness math seminar discussion and framework, and Sentence Frames… 

MATHEMATICIANS Start A Math Dialogue by Asking Questions



Mathematical Dialectic ( Academic Number Talks) is a discourse between two or more mathematicians holding different points of view about mathematical problem-solving. They wish to establish a hurestical logical truth through reasoned argumentation/dialogue. 

1. Greeting mathematicians, I solved the problem by using this Math Heuristic, Act it out, Draw a diagram or use a model, Use guess-and-check, Make a systematic list, Look for patterns, Work backwards, Use before-after concept, Make suppositions, Restate the problem in another way, Simplify the problem, Solve part of the problem, Think of a related problem, and finally use equations.


Number Talks (3 - 5)Liberty County 

Stem Questions to Promote the 8 Mathematical Practices

3. Greetings mathematicians, The math strategy I discovered today was… 
4. Greetings mathematicians, I discovered my error because...
5. Greetings mathematicians, I noticed that you solved the problem another way, can you explain your thinking… 
6. Greetings mathematicians, another math strategy you could use is… 
7. Greetings mathematicians, the first thing …next…then…after that…I do when solving a challenging word problem… 
8. Greetings mathematicians, how did you work out your answer, did you use your number sense? 
  • Counting up counting down
  • One-to-one correspondence.(math manipulatives)
  • Subitizing.
  • Composing and decomposing numbers (part-part-whole)
  • Comparing numbers/sets.
  • Estimating.
9. Greetings mathematicians, what math guide words "clues" did you use to choose that operation? 

Math guide words list:
  • Addition: Sum, Add,  Plus. More. Total. Increase. Together / Altogether. Combined. Increased by. More Than. Combined, Together. ...
  • Subtraction: Difference, Subtract, Take away, How Many More/Less, Decreased by. Minus, Less than. Difference Between/of. ...
  • Multiplication: Product, of. Times, Multiplied by. Product of. ...
  • Division: Quotient, Per, Out of. the Ratio of, ...
  • Equals. is, are, was, were, will be. gives, yields. sold for, cost.
10. Greetings mathematicians, can you explain your thinking to me?




Number Talks are an effective way to build number sense and develop mathematical reasoning skills. They work as an anticipatory set, preparing students' minds for the math lesson ahead. 

During a Number Talk, the teacher presents a computation problem such as 23 + 47. Students are given time to think about the problem and come up with strategies to solve it mentally, without paper and pencil. This allows them to tap into their existing number sense and math strategies.

Students then share their strategies with the class. This gives them a chance to explain their thinking and learn from each other. Often there are many different ways to mentally solve the same problem. Listening to others' strategies exposes students to new mathematical ideas and heuristics.

As students practice Number Talks regularly, their flexibility with numbers and ability to think mathematically improves dramatically. They become adept at using strategies like decomposing numbers, using landmark numbers, and more. This builds their confidence in their own math abilities.

Number Talks are designed to keep all students in their Zones of Proximal Development. Problems are scaffolded to stretch students just beyond their current skills. Collaboration expands their ZPDs as students teach and learn from peers. The result is rapid growth in mental math and mathematical thinking.

By front-loading math concepts with Number Talks, teachers can set students up for deeper understanding when formal instruction occurs. The Math Talk environment also provides a safe space to take risks and make mistakes as part of the learning process. Ultimately, Number Talks promote strong mathematical reasoning, flexibility, and problem-solving skills.

Math Talks vs. Number Talks 

While both utilize structured student discussions, math talks and number talks are distinct classroom activities.

Math Talks:

- Take place during the main math lesson
- Align with the objectives of the lesson  
- Involve conceptual conversations about the topic being taught
- Incorporate math vocabulary and sentence frames 
- Encourage students to communicate mathematical thinking and ideas
- Allow students to build on each other's ideas respectfully

Number Talks:

- Are short, standalone activities 
- Typically occur at the start of a lesson as anticipatory sets
- Focus specifically on building computational fluency 
- Provide practice with mental math strategies
- Give students opportunities to share strategies
- Develop flexibility and number sense
- Target key skills rather than connect to lesson concepts
- Take less time than in-depth math talks

In summary, math talks are structured discussions embedded into math lessons to develop conceptual understanding. Number talks are brief warm-up activities that build foundational skills in isolation. While number talks may be a component of a math talk, they serve distinct purposes in the classroom.

 Here are some suggested question stems that can be used to facilitate effective math talks and number talks:

For Math Talks:

- What mathematical ideas are we exploring today? 
- What do you notice about this problem/example?
- What math vocabulary helps explain this concept?
- How did you arrive at that solution? Can you explain your thinking?
- Do you agree or disagree with what was just shared? Why?
- Does anyone have a different method for solving this? 
- How could we represent this idea visually?
- What connections can we make to previous concepts?

For Number Talks:
- What strategies did you use to solve mentally? 
- How did you break apart the numbers?
- What path did you take in your head? Can you describe it step-by-step?
- What landmark numbers did you use? Why?
- How else could we solve this? 
- What math rules or properties do you notice?
- How did you know your answer was reasonable?
- What was efficient about that approach? What could be more efficient?
- How did you get your solution? Can you model your thinking?

These types of open-ended questions allow students to explain their thinking, make connections, and learn from each other during math and number talks. The goal is to develop conceptual understanding and fluency through student discourse.

 Here are additional question stems for math talks and number talks based on the 13 problem-solving heuristics:

- What information is given in this problem? What are we trying to figure out? (Understand the problem)

- Can you restate the problem in your own words? What are the key parts? (Paraphrase) 

- What does this problem remind you of? Have we solved anything like this before? (Analogies)

- Can we break this down into smaller steps or parts? (Break it down) 

- What assumptions do we need clarify before solving? (Assumptions)

- What tools or models could help represent this scenario? (Models)

- Can we estimate or predict a reasonable solution first? (Predict) 

- How can we verify our solution makes sense? What's a quick check? (Check) 

- What math concepts connect to this problem? Can we think conceptually? (Conceptualize)

- If we're stuck, what's another way we could approach this? (Alternate routes)

- How can we learn from mistakes here? What would we improve next time? (Learn from mistakes)

- What patterns or relationships do you notice in the information? (Patterns/Relationships) 

- Can you visualize this scenario? Make a sketch to clarify. (Visualize)

- What are the key mathematical takeaways? How would we summarize this? (Summarize/Takeaways)
Gersten and Chard say number sense "refers to a child's fluidity and flexibility with numbers, the sense of what numbers mean and an ability to perform mental mathematics and to look at the world and make comparisons."
13 Heuristic Math Strategies: Singapore Math Method


 [PDF]Number Talks
Developing Number Sense and Math. Vocabulary through. Number Talks. Jane Osborne jane.osborne@hoodriver.k12.or.us.

[PDF]Making Number Talks Matter—Resources by Chapter
 Number Talks Build Numerical Reasoning ..... talks on first grade students' number sense.

[PDF]What is a Number Talk? - Rhodes University
Number Talks Build Numerical Reasoning” (Sherry Parrish, 2011). How can educators make shifts in their instructional practices that foster sense making ...

[PDF]Silent Signals - Wisconsin Mathematics Council
Number Talks: Helping Children Build Mental Math and Computation Strategies. ... http://www.svmimac.org/images/Cristo_Rey_-_Middle_Level_Bank.pdf .... Number sense is the foundation for all higher-level mathematics (Feikes ...

[PDF]Number Talks - Liberty County School System
Building Mental Math and Computation Strategies while ... How can I use Number Talks to build student mathematical fluency and number sense while.

[PDF]What is a Number Talk.pdf
ability to reason about quantitative information, possess number sense, ... ing efficient, flexible, and accurate computation strategies that build upon the key ...

[PDF]What Are Number Talks?

[PDF]Middle Level Routines
Sense of the relative size and value of very large and very small numbers .... Routines are an excellent opportunity to build on-going rich practice into the ... Number Strings. Number. Talks. Concepts of. Equality. Thinking. Relationally. Math.

[PDF]Improving Number Sense Using Number Talks - Digital Collections ...
classroom on number sense/critical thinking in mathematics. ... the teaching of math through number talks, in addition to their regular math instruction. ..... their students with ample opportunities to engage in number sense building activities.

[PDF]Participant Guide for Number Talks - CESA #4
Building Number Sense First. Understanding the Progression of Skills. Number Talksand Mental Math. Sharing Best Practices from ...

[PDF]KINDERGARTEN Number and Number Sense - Virginia Department ...
Number and Number Sense Module – Kindergarten ... and use linking cubes to build a tower to represent their numbers. After the towers are built, the ..... Come back together as a class and talkabout how students might know that they found.

[PDF]Developing Number Sense and Conceptual Understanding through ...
Developing Number Sense and Conceptual Understanding through Number Talks and Manipulatives is a new endeavor of the Columbus Regional ...

[PDF]Number Talks Grades 3-5 Resources - BPS.solutions
with two or multi-digit numbers. In addition to developing efficient computation strategies, Number Talks encourages students to make sense of mathematics, ...

Saturday, September 3, 2022

Free Printable Addition and Subtraction Math Games K-6 PDF

Build number sense and numeracy with 100s of free printable math games. Free Printable PDF Number Sense Math Games and Activities.

Subtraction Top-It PDF

Addition and subtraction Pretests, Assessments, Games, and Lesson Plans.  

Subtraction Top-It Grades 1-4 

Acing Math (One Deck At A Time!): A Collection of Math Games

Table of Contents
  • Introduction to Acing Math page 5
  • Card Sort (Grades K - 3) page 8
  • Greater or Less Than (Grades K - 3) page 9
  • Number Battle (Grades K - 3) page 10
  • Place Value Number Battle (Grades 1 - 6) page 11
  • Addition Number Battle (Grades 1 - 3) page 12
  • Advanced Addition Number Battle (Grades 1 - 6) page 13
  • Subtraction Number Battle (Grades 1 - 3) page 14
  • Multi-Digit Subtraction Number Battle (Grades 1 - 3) page 15
  • Multiplication Number Battle (Grades 3 - 6) page 16
  • Advanced Multiplication Number Battle (Grades 3 - 6) page 17
  • Multi-Digit Multiplication Number Battle (Grades 3 - 6) page 18
  • Fraction Number Battle (Grades 4 - 6) page 19
  • Integer Addition Number Battle (Grades 5 - 8) page 20
  • Integer Multiplication Number Battle (Grades 5 - 8) page 21
  • Strategy Number Battle (Grades 5 - 8) page 22
  • Absolute Strategy Number Battle (Grades 5 - 8) page 23
  • Exponent Number Battle (Grades 5 – 8) page 24
  • End Game (Number Battle Extension) (Grades 1 - 6) page 25
  • Give Me 10 (Grades 1-3) page 26
  • Reading Addition Minds (Grades 1 - 5) page 27
  • Reading Multiplication Minds (Grades 3 - 6) page 28
  • Hit The Target (Grades 4 - 8) page 29
  • Multiplication Zone (Grades 4 - 8) page 30
  • Addition Toss Up (Grades 2 - 5) page 31
  • Subtraction Toss Up (Grades 4 - 6) page 32 
  • Multiplication Toss Up (Grades 3 - 5) page 33 
  • Sum Fractions (Grades 5 – 8) page 34 
  • Difference Fractions (Grades 5 – 8) page 35 
  • Product Fractions (Grades 5 – 8) page 36
  • Quotient Fractions (Grades 5 – 8) page 37 
  • M & M & M s (Grades 4 – 6) page 40
  • The Chosen One (Grades 5 – 8) page 42 
  • Make it Texas Size! (Grades 2 – 5) page 43 
  • Make it Rhode Island Size! (Grades 2 – 5) page 44 
  • Elevator (Grades 1 – 3) page 46 
  • Pattern Points (Grades 1 – 5) page 47
  • I Spy Sums (Grades 1 – 3) page 48 
  • I Spy Products (Grades 3 – 6) page 49 
  • Flip Out (Grades 1 – 5) page 50 
  • Number Memory (Grades 1 – 5) page 51 
  • Addition Memory (Grades 1 – 5) page 52 
  • Color Number Memory (Grades 1 – 5) page 53 
  • Odd/Even Number Memory (Grades 1 – 5) page 54 
  • Hit (Grades 5 - 8) page 55 
  • Over-Under (Grades 3 - 6) page 56 
  • First to Fifty Addition (Grades 2 - 5) page 57 
  • First to Five Hundred Multiplication (Grades 3 - 5) page 58 
  • Give Some Percent! (Grades 4 - 6) page 59 
  • Get to the (Decimal) Point Addition (Grades 3 - 5) page 60 
  • Advanced Get to the (Decimal) Point Addition (Grades 3 - 5) page 61 
  • Get to the (Decimal) Point Subtraction (Grades 3 - 5) page 62
  • Advanced Get to the (Decimal) Point Subtraction (Grades 3 - 5) page 63 
  • Odd-Even Race (Grades 1 - 3) page 64 
  • Finders Keepers (Grades 1 - 5) page 65
  • Round and Round (Grades 2 - 5) page 67 
  • Addition Squares (Grades 2 - 5) page 68


K-12 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, and Place Value Math Games using Dice and Playing Cards. Making math engaging and fun with hands-on learning. Math games for family math nights. 

  1.  Math Games with a Deck of Cards
  2. Place Value Yahtzee Game
  3. PLACE VALUE YAHTZEE SCORE CARDS 6 DIGIT 
  4. PLACE VALUE YAHTZEE SCORE CARDS 8 DIGIT 
  5. Fun Math-Games-with-Deck-of-Card
  6. 89-PAGE MATH CARD GAMES ACTIVITY BOOK 
  7. Hit the Deck: A collection of math lessons
  8. Math Card Games That Can Be Played At Home
  9. PLACE VALUE GAMES DICE 
  10. PLACE VALUE GAME 
  11. Place Value Activity Package
  12. PLACE VALUE GAMESGRADE 4-6 
  13. Math Games Direction cards for math games using dice or a deck of cards.
  14. Math-Games-and-Activities-with-Cards
  15. Math Card GamesOver 300 Games for Learning and Enjoying Math
  16. Math Game with Dice

  17. Direction cards for math games using dice or a deck of cards. 
  18. DICE GAMESDistance Education Maths activities by T. Shaw 
  19. Dice Games - Your Math Wizard

  20. Math GamesGrab A Deck Of Cards!


The RED Dragon Dice game is the perfect fun way to practice 12x12 multiplication facts, 2/3/4-digit by 2/3/4-digit subtraction, and addition using place value. The game is based of course on tabletop RPG dice mechanics and fantasy roleplay. The plot of the game is to defeat a Red Dragon. Two students battle a young Red Dragon with 260 Hit Points.

Option ONE: Students roll a D20 to attack the RED Dragon, they must roll a 15 or greater to make a successful hit. When students are successful with their attack they practice their multiplication. With a successful attack, the students roll 2d12s and multiply the factors. The product of the two rolled factors will be the total amount subtracted from the dragon’s 260 Hit Points.
Option TWO: Addition Top-It, Double Digit Top-it, or my Favorite Double-Digit Addition Top-It. DDAT is played with 4d10s. Each student rolls 4 dice and makes the two largest 2-digit numbers possible. They add the numbers together and the greater sum wins. They roll for damages using the 2d12s.

Students can earn game rewards like battle axes with an added attack bonus of +6 or longbows with an added attack bonus of +11. The attack bonus is added to their D20 dice when attacking the Dragon. Superior Potions of Healing 3d6 + 8.

EXTRA RULES: A dragon also gets an attack using a D20, if they are successful they roll two d20s for damage that is subtracted from the students. Students start with 75-150 Hit Points.
Students can pick 2-3 potions for the battle.
The Dragon gets an attack bonus:
+13 Fire
+11 Bite
+7 Claw

STAAR Released Test Questions Answer Keys 2022 2023

Grade 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and High STAAR Released Test Forms and Answer Keys

Texas STAAR Released Test Answer Keys 2022-2023 PDF Mathematics Test  and PDF Reading Test  STAAR Mathematics and Reading PAPER Test Forms with Answer Keys

STAAR Released Math and Reading test forms 2023

Grade 3
· Math Answer Key
· Math Item Rationale
· Math Student Expectations Tested
· RLA Answer Key
· RLA Item Rationale
· RLA Student Expectations Tested
· Spanish Math Answer Key
· Spanish Math Item Rationale
· Spanish Math Student Expectations Tested
· Spanish RLA Answer Key
· Spanish RLA Item Rationale
· Spanish RLA Student Expectations Tested

Grade 4
· Math Answer Key
· Math Item Rationale
· Math Student Expectations Tested
· RLA Answer Key
· RLA Item Rationale
· RLA Student Expectations Tested
· Spanish Math Answer Key
· Spanish Math Item Rationale
· Spanish Math Student Expectations Tested
· Spanish RLA Answer Key
· Spanish RLA Item Rationale
· Spanish RLA Student Expectations Tested

Grade 5
· Math Answer Key
· Math Item Rationale
· Math Student Expectations Tested
· RLA Answer Key
· RLA Item Rationale
· RLA Student Expectations Tested
· Science Answer Key
· Science Item Rationale
· Science Student Expectations Tested
· Spanish Math Answer Key
· Spanish Math Item Rationale
· Spanish Math Student Expectations Tested
· Spanish RLA Answer Key
· Spanish RLA Item Rationale
· Spanish RLA Student Expectations Tested
· Spanish RLA Scoring Guide
· Spanish Science Answer Key
· Spanish Science Item Rationale
· Spanish Science Student Expectations Tested

Grade 6
Math Answer Key
Math Item Rationale
Math Student Expectations Tested
RLA Answer Key
RLA Item Rationale
RLA Student Expectations Tested

Grade 7
Math Answer Key
Math Item Rationale
Math Student Expectations Tested
RLA Answer Key
RLA Item Rationale
RLA Student Expectations Tested

Grade 8
Math Answer Key
Math Item Rationale
Math Student Expectations Tested
RLA Answer Key
RLA Item Rationale
RLA Student Expectations Tested
Science Answer Key
Science Item Rationale
Science Student Expectations Tested
Social Studies Answer Key
Social Studies Item Rationale
Social Studies Student Expectations Tested

High School
Algebra I Answer Key
Algebra I Item Rationale
Algebra I Student Expectations Tested
English I Answer Key
English I Item Rationale
English I Student Expectations Tested
English II Answer Key
English II Item Rationale
English II Student Expectations Tested
Biology Answer Key
Biology Item Rationale
Biology Student Expectations Tested
U.S. History Answer Key
U.S. History Item Rationale
U.S. History Student Expectations Tested

STAAR Released Math and ReadingTest Forms Answer Keys

Grade 3 STAAR Mathematics: 2022 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013

Grade 3 STAAR AnswerKeys
Mathematics:

20222021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013  

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Grade 4 STAAR Mathematics: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013  

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Grade 5 STAAR Mathematics: 2022 (Coming Soon) | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013  

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Science: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Science: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013  

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 (Coming Soon) | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013  

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 (Coming Soon) | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013

Mathematics: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

RLA: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Science: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Science: 20222021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013  

Social Studies: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Social Studies: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013  

Algebra I: 2022 (Coming Soon) | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

Algebra I: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 20172016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013  

English I: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 

2013 Reading | 2013 Writing

English I: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 

2013 Reading | 2013 Writing

English II: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014

2013 Reading | 2013 Writing  

English II: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 

2013 Reading | 2013 Writing  

Biology: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013  

Biology: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013

U.S. History: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013  

U.S. History: 2022 | 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013  



Grade 3 STAAR Mathematics Test Forms: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Grade 3 STAAR Mathematics Answer Key: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Grade 3 STAAR Mathematics Rationals: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Grade 3 STAAR Test Forms: Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Grade 3 STAAR Answer Key: Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Grade 3 STAAR Rationals:Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017


Grade 4 STAAR Test Forms with Answer Key: 

4th grade Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Grade 4 STAAR Mathematics Answer Key: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Grade 4 STAAR Mathematics Ratinals: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Test Forms Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017


GRADE 5 STAAR TEST FORMS with Answer Key

Mathematics Test Forms: Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics Answer Key:  Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Test Forms Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Test Forms Science: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Science: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Science: 2021 | 2019 | 2018

GRADE 6 STAAR TEST FORMS with Answer Key

Mathematics Test Forms: Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics Answer Key:  Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Test Forms Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

GRADE 7 STAAR TEST FORMS with Answer Key

Mathematics Test Forms: GRADE 7 Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics Answer Key:  Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Test Forms Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

GRADE 8 STAAR TEST FORMS with Answer Key

Mathematics Test Forms: GRADE 8: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics Answer Key: Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2014 | 2013 
Mathematics: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 

TEST Forms Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Reading: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017

Test Forms Science: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Science: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Science: 2021 | 2019 | 2018

Test Forms Social Studies: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Social Studies: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Social Studies: 2021 | 2019 | 2018

HIGH SCHOOL  STAAR TEST FORMS
TEST Forms Algebra I: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Algebra I: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Algebra I: 2021 | 2019 | 2018

Test Forms English I: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014
2013 Reading | 2013 Writing 
English I: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014
2013 Reading | 2013 Writing 
English I: 2021 | 2019 | 2018

Test Forms English II: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014
2013 Reading | 2013 Writing 
English II: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014
2013 Reading | 2013 Writing 
English II: 2021 | 2019 | 2018
 
Test Forms Biology: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Biology: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
Biology: 2021 | 2019 | 2018

Test Forms U.S. History: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
U.S. History: 2021 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 
U.S. History: 2021 | 2019 | 2018