2-4-Week Opinion Arizona Writing Lesson Plans: Skateboard Comparison
Grade Level: 4th-6th Grade
Small Group Size: 4-6 Students
Duration: 2-4 Weeks
Framework: IEW Writing with Structure and Style
Final Product: 5-Paragraph Opinion Essay (AASA Writing Test Format)
Arizona State Standards Addressed
4th Grade
- 4.W.1: Write
opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons
and information.
- a. Introduce a
topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational
structure in which related ideas are grouped to support the writer's
purpose.
- b. Provide
reasons that are supported by facts and details.
- c. Link
opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in order
to, in addition).
- d. Provide a
concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.
- 4.RI.1: Refer to
details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says
explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.
- 4.RI.9: Integrate
information from two-THREE texts on the same topic in order to
write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.
5th Grade
- 5.W.1: Write
opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons
and information.
- a. Introduce a
topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational
structure in which ideas are logically grouped to support the writer's
purpose.
- b. Provide
logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and details.
- c. Link
opinion and reasons using words, phrases, and clauses (e.g.,
consequently, specifically).
- d. Provide a
concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.
- 5.RI.1: Quote
accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and
when drawing inferences from the text.
- 5.RI.9: Integrate
information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or
speak about the subject knowledgeably.
6th Grade
- 6.W.1: Write
arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.
- a. Introduce
claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly.
- b. Support
claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible sources
and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.
- c. Use words,
phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among claim(s) and
reasons.
- d. Establish
and maintain a formal style.
- e. Provide a
concluding statement or section that follows from the argument presented.
- 6.RI.1: Cite
textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as
well as inferences drawn from the text.
- 6.RI.9: Compare
and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another.
Goals and Objectives
Overall Goals
1. Students
will develop proficiency in opinion/argumentative writing following the
5-paragraph essay structure.
2. Students
will learn to support opinions with evidence from multiple texts.
3. Students
will master IEW techniques including keyword outlining, dress-ups, and
decorations.
4. Students
will improve close reading skills to identify and extract relevant information
from source texts.
Specific Learning Objectives
By the end of this 4-week unit, students will be able to:
1. Create a
detailed keyword outline from source texts
2. Write a
clear thesis statement expressing an opinion about skateboard types
3. Support
their opinion with at least 3 reasons and relevant evidence from the texts
4. Incorporate
at least 5 different IEW dress-ups in their writing
5. Use at
least 3 different IEW decorations to enhance their writing
6. Create
strong topic sentences for each paragraph
7. Write
effective transitions between paragraphs
8. Craft a
conclusion that restates their opinion and provides closure
Materials Needed
- Three source
articles (about downhill longboard, beach cruiser, hybrid penny board, and
or normal park board skateboards)
- Anchor text
about skateboard types
- Writer's guide
with IEW structure and style guidelines
- Student sample
of a keyword outline for a 5-paragraph essay
- IEW dress-ups
and decorations reference sheet
- Highlighters
and colored pencils for marking texts
- Notecards for
keywords
- Chart paper and
markers
- Rubrics for
self and peer assessment
Week 1: Close Reading and Keyword Outlines
Day 1: Introduction and Pre-Assessment
- Introduce the
topic of skateboarding and different board types
- Administer
pre-assessment writing sample: "What is your favorite way to get
around outside and why?"
- Introduce the AASA
writing test format and 5-paragraph essay structure
- Preview the
4-week plan and final outcome expectations
Day 2: Close Reading Strategies
- Introduce close
reading strategies (read, annotate, question, reread)
- Model close
reading with the anchor text about skateboard types
- Practice
annotating text for main ideas and supporting details
- Introduce the
concept of "key words" in IEW methodology
Day 3: Keyword Identification
- Review close
reading strategies
- Introduce the
first source article (downhill longboard)
- Model
identifying keywords (3-5 words per paragraph)
- Guided
practice: Students identify keywords in pairs
- Discuss
keywords as a group and refine selections
Day 4: Keyword Outline Introduction
- Present student
sample of a keyword outline
- Analyze
structure and organization
- Distribute the
second source article (beach cruiser)
- Students
practice creating keyword outlines in small groups
- Share and
compare keyword outlines
Day 5: Independent Practice
- Distribute the
third source article (hybrid penny board or normal park board)
- Students create
individual keyword outlines
- Conference with
students individually
- Week 1
reflection: What was challenging about creating keyword outlines?
Week 2: Paragraph Structure and Development
Day 1: Introduction and Thesis Statements
- Review keyword
outlines from Week 1
- Introduce
opinion writing and thesis statement construction
- Model creating
a strong thesis statement about skateboard types
- Students draft
their own thesis statements
- Peer feedback
on thesis statements
Day 2: Paragraph Structure
- Introduce the
structure of body paragraphs (topic sentence, evidence, explanation)
- Analyze
examples from the writer's guide
- Model creating
a topic sentence from a section of the keyword outline
- Students
practice writing topic sentences for their body paragraphs
Day 3: Supporting Evidence
- Discuss types
of evidence (facts, examples, statistics, expert opinions)
- Review source
articles to identify strong evidence
- Model selecting
evidence from keyword outline to support opinions
- Students select
evidence for each of their body paragraphs
Day 4: Introductory Paragraph
- Analyze sample
introductory paragraphs
- Discuss
strategies for hooking the reader
- Model writing
an introduction with hook, background, and thesis
- Students draft
their introductory paragraphs
Day 5: Concluding Paragraph
- Analyze sample
concluding paragraphs
- Discuss
strategies for restating thesis and providing closure
- Model writing a
conclusion
- Students draft
their concluding paragraphs
- Week 2
reflection: How does your essay structure support your opinion?
Week 3: IEW Dress-Ups and Decorations
Day 1: Introduction to Dress-Ups
- Introduce IEW
dress-ups (strong verbs, quality adjectives, adverbs, etc.)
- Analyze
examples in the writer's guide
- Model
identifying and adding dress-ups to a paragraph
- Students
identify existing dress-ups in their drafts
Day 2: Applying Dress-Ups
- Review dress-up
elements and requirements
- Model adding
dress-ups to improve writing
- Students revise
their body paragraphs to add at least 3 dress-ups
- Peer feedback
on dress-up incorporation
Day 3: Introduction to Decorations
- Introduce IEW
decorations (questions, quotes, 3sss, etc.)
- Analyze
examples in the writer's guide
- Model adding
decorations to enhance writing
- Students
identify opportunities for decorations in their drafts
Day 4: Applying Decorations
- Review
decoration elements and requirements
- Model adding
decorations to improve writing
- Students revise
their drafts to add at least 2 decorations
- Peer feedback
on decoration incorporation
Day 5: Transitions and Flow
- Discuss
importance of transitions between paragraphs
- Analyze
examples of effective transitions
- Model adding
transitions to connect paragraphs
- Students revise
their drafts to improve flow
- Week 3
reflection: How have dress-ups and decorations improved your writing?
Week 4: Revision, Editing, and Publication
Day 1: Revision Strategies
- Introduce
revision checklist (ideas, organization, voice, word choice)
- Model using the
checklist to revise a paragraph
- Students revise
their drafts using the checklist
- Conference with
students individually
Day 2: Peer Review
- Introduce peer
review protocol
- Model giving
constructive feedback
- Students
exchange papers and provide feedback using guided form
- Authors review
feedback and plan revisions
Day 3: Final Revisions
- Students make
final revisions based on peer and teacher feedback
- Focus on
strengthening arguments and improving clarity
- Conference with
students individually as needed
Day 4: Editing and Proofreading
- Introduce
editing checklist (spelling, punctuation, grammar)
- Model using the
checklist to edit a paragraph
- Students edit
their drafts
- Partner check
for final edits
Day 5: Celebration and Reflection
- Students share
their final opinion essays
- Class
discussion: What makes the most convincing arguments?
- Post-assessment
writing sample
- Final
reflection: How has your opinion writing improved?
Assessment
- Pre and post
writing samples
- Keyword outline
completion
- Quality of
thesis statement and topic sentences
- Incorporation
of IEW dress-ups and decorations
- Use of evidence
from source texts
- Final
5-paragraph opinion essay (rubric aligned with Arizona standards)
Differentiation Strategies
- For advanced
students: Increase requirements for dress-ups and decorations; encourage
more sophisticated transitions and counter-arguments
- For struggling
students: Provide sentence frames for thesis and topic sentences; offer
additional guided practice with keyword outlines
- For ELL
students: Pre-teach vocabulary from source texts; provide additional
visual supports; allow use of native language for initial keyword
selection
The Ultimate Guide to Downhill Longboarding: Speed, Skill,
and Safety
Downhill longboarding represents the ultimate
thrill-seeking experience in the skateboarding world. Unlike traditional street
skateboarding, downhill longboarding focuses on achieving maximum speed while
maintaining precise control as riders navigate steep, winding roads. This
extreme sport combines technical skill, specialized equipment, and a fearless
mindset to create an exhilarating adventure that attracts dedicated enthusiasts
worldwide.
The Evolution of Downhill Longboarding
Downhill longboarding emerged in the 1970s when surfers in
California sought ways to experience "sidewalk surfing" on steep
hills during flat ocean days. The sport evolved dramatically in the 1990s and
early 2000s with significant advancements in deck construction, wheel
technology, and truck designs specifically engineered for high-speed stability.
Today, downhill longboarding has developed into a competitive global sport with
professional racing circuits and speeds regularly exceeding 60 mph.
Specialized Equipment: The Downhill Longboard
The downhill longboard differs substantially from other
skateboard types. These specialized boards feature distinctive characteristics
that prioritize stability, control, and aerodynamic efficiency at high speeds:
Deck Design:
- Typically 36-42
inches in length with a wheelbase of 25-30 inches
- Constructed
from 8-10 plies of maple, bamboo, fiberglass, or carbon fiber composites
- Often
incorporates drop platforms or drop-through mounting to lower the rider's
center of gravity
- Features
concave shaping to lock the rider's feet securely in place during intense
cornering
- May include
wheel wells to prevent wheel bite during deep turns
Trucks and Mounting:
- Precision-machined
trucks with adjustable geometry for enhanced stability
- Specialized
baseplate angles (typically 35-45 degrees) that reduce turn sensitivity at
high speeds
- Split-angle
setups (different angles front and back) for improved control
- Mounting
options include top-mount (responsive turning), drop-through (stability),
and bracket setups (ultra-low riding position)
Wheels:
- Large diameter
(70-76mm) for maintaining momentum and rolling over imperfections
- Durometer
ratings between 74a-80a (softer) for maximum grip on asphalt
- Square-lipped
profile to increase traction during cornering
- Made from
high-rebound urethane formulas specifically designed for downhill
performance
Bearings:
- High-precision
ceramic or steel bearings (ABEC 7-9 ratings)
- Built-in
spacers and speed rings for consistent performance
- Often shielded
rather than sealed to reduce rolling resistance
Essential Safety Equipment
The extreme nature of downhill longboarding necessitates
comprehensive safety gear:
- Full-face
helmets with ASTM or CPSC certification provide crucial head and face
protection
- Leather suits
or specialized slide gloves with replaceable pucks for controlled sliding
- Knee pads,
elbow pads, and hip protectors absorb impact during falls
- Aerodynamic
bodysuits reduce wind resistance in competitive racing scenarios
- Some riders
utilize motorcycle-grade protective equipment for maximum safety
Advanced Riding Techniques
Downhill longboarding requires mastery of specialized
techniques:
Tucking: The aerodynamic
positioning of the body to minimize wind resistance and maximize speed. Riders
crouch low with their chest near their front knee, arms behind their back, and
head forward.
Sliding: Controlled drifting
where riders intentionally break wheel traction to reduce speed or navigate
corners. Common slide techniques include:
- Coleman Slides
- A fundamental hand-down slide where riders use glove pucks
- Stand-Up Slides
- Advanced techniques performed without putting hands on the ground
- Predrifts -
Controlled slides initiated before entering corners
- Shutdown Slides
- Emergency stopping techniques for quickly reducing speed
Cornering: Precise weight
distribution and body positioning allow riders to navigate hairpin turns
without losing speed. This involves:
- Rail-to-rail
transitions (shifting weight between toe and heel edges)
- Proper lean
angles relative to speed and turn radius
- Strategic foot
placement for maximum leverage
- Pre-turn
preparation and exit strategies
The Global Community and Competition
The downhill longboarding community has established
prestigious events that attract elite riders:
- International
Downhill Federation (IDF) World Cup Series spans multiple continents
- Iconic races
include Maryhill Festival of Speed (USA), Kozakov Challenge (Czech
Republic), and Arirang Hill (South Korea)
- Competitions
feature qualifying time trials followed by group heats with 4-6 riders
racing simultaneously
- Top speeds in
competition regularly exceed 55-60 mph on courses with technical turns
Environmental and Legal Considerations
Downhill longboarding faces unique challenges regarding
accessibility and safety:
- Many prime
locations now prohibit the sport due to safety concerns
- Organized
events require extensive permits, insurance, and safety preparations
- Environmental
impact considerations include noise pollution and potential road wear
- Communities
must balance recreational access with public safety concerns
The Future of Downhill Longboarding
The sport continues to evolve with technological
advancements and growing global participation:
- Innovative
construction materials pushing the boundaries of performance
- Live streaming
and social media expanding audience reach
- Increasing
crossover with other gravity sports like downhill mountain biking
- Growing focus
on sustainability in equipment manufacturing
Downhill longboarding represents the perfect fusion of
engineering precision, athletic skill, and courage. For those willing to invest
the time in proper training and equipment, it offers an unparalleled sensation
of freedom and accomplishment as riders master the art of navigating gravity's
pull at breathtaking speeds.
Beach Cruiser Skateboards: The Laid-Back Ride for Coastal
Adventures
Beach cruiser skateboards represent the perfect fusion of
skateboarding functionality and surfing aesthetics, designed specifically for
relaxed riding along boardwalks, promenades, and coastal pathways. With their
distinctive shape, smooth ride characteristics, and eye-catching designs, beach
cruisers have carved out a dedicated niche in skateboarding culture focused
more on enjoyment and transportation than technical tricks or extreme speeds.
Origins and Evolution of the Beach Cruiser
The beach cruiser skateboard emerged in the late 1970s
along the California coastline, directly inspired by the surf culture that
dominated coastal communities. Early models featured wide decks with kick
tails, soft wheels, and loose trucks to simulate the fluid movements of surfing
on concrete. Modern beach cruisers maintain these fundamental characteristics
while incorporating contemporary materials and construction techniques.
The beach cruiser gained mainstream popularity during the
skateboarding renaissance of the 2000s, when casual riders sought alternatives
to technical street skating and longboarding. Today's beach cruisers blend
retro aesthetics with modern performance features, appealing to both nostalgic
older riders and younger enthusiasts seeking a more accessible entry point into
skateboarding culture.
Distinctive Design Elements
Beach cruiser skateboards feature several characteristic
design elements that distinguish them from other skateboard types:
Deck Construction:
- Typically 28-32
inches in length – longer than a standard skateboard but shorter than a
longboard
- Wide profile
(8.5-10 inches) for comfortable foot placement and stability
- Pronounced
concave for secure footing during turns
- Prominent kick
tail for maneuverability and obstacle navigation
- Often
constructed from 7-ply maple, bamboo, or plastic composites
- Frequently
features grip tape alternatives like clear spray-on grip or textured
surfaces
Truck Configuration:
- Traditional
kingpin trucks set wider than standard skateboards
- Looser bushings
(78-85a durometer) for fluid turning and pumping
- Riser pads to
prevent wheel bite during deep carves
- Often angled
for improved turning radius without sacrificing stability
Wheel Specifications:
- Soft urethane
formulation (78a-85a durometer) for smooth rolling over rough surfaces
- Large diameter
(60-65mm) to maintain momentum and handle small obstacles
- Wide contact
patch for improved grip on varied surfaces
- Rounded edges
to facilitate controlled slides when necessary
Visual Aesthetics:
- Vibrant colors
and patterns reflecting coastal culture
- Wood grain
finishes or transparent components
- Retro-inspired
graphics including palm trees, waves, and sunset motifs
- Colored wheels
and trucks coordinated with deck designs
Riding Experience and Performance Characteristics
The beach cruiser skateboard delivers a distinctive riding
experience characterized by:
Smooth Rolling: The combination of
soft, large wheels and flexible deck construction creates exceptional shock
absorption, allowing riders to comfortably traverse uneven boardwalks, cracked
sidewalks, and rough asphalt without the jarring vibration experienced on traditional
skateboards.
Effortless Pumping: Beach cruisers excel
at "pumping" – the technique of generating momentum through rhythmic
weight shifts rather than pushing. This allows riders to maintain speed with
minimal effort, particularly on gentle slopes and along winding coastal paths.
Moderate Speed Capability: While
not designed for downhill racing, beach cruisers comfortably maintain moderate
speeds (10-15 mph) while providing the stability necessary for riders to feel
secure and in control, making them ideal for casual transportation.
Carving Dynamics: The loose truck
configuration and responsive deck design enable deep, flowing carves
reminiscent of surfing. Riders can execute wide, sweeping turns or quick
direction changes by shifting their weight from heel to toe.
Practical Transportation: Beach cruisers
strike an optimal balance between portability and performance. They're small
enough to carry into shops or restaurants but substantial enough to provide
comfortable rides over longer distances than mini cruisers or penny boards.
Ideal Environments and Usage Scenarios
Beach cruiser skateboards thrive in specific environments
and riding contexts:
- Oceanfront
boardwalks and promenades
- College
campuses and urban parks
- Neighborhood
streets with moderate inclines
- Bike paths and
recreational trails
- Indoor
facilities like skate parks during low-traffic periods
- Short-distance
commuting in pedestrian-friendly areas
These skateboards perform optimally on smooth to moderately
textured surfaces and in environments where the rider prioritizes enjoyment
over technical precision or maximum speed.
Community and Cultural Significance
Beach cruiser skateboards have fostered distinctive
communities centered around their laid-back ethos:
- Coastal group
rides emphasizing socialization over competition
- Cross-generational
appeal bridging different age demographics
- Integration
with other beach activities like volleyball, surfing, and swimming
- Strong
representation in coastal fashion and lifestyle brands
- Accessible
entry point for beginners intimidated by technical skating
The beach cruiser represents more than transportation—it
embodies a coastal lifestyle philosophy prioritizing enjoyment, aesthetic
appreciation, and community connection.
Contemporary Innovations and Adaptations
Modern beach cruiser designs incorporate several
innovations that enhance their versatility:
- Waterproof
construction techniques for true oceanfront durability
- Bio-based deck
materials derived from sustainable resources
- LED lighting
systems for improved visibility during sunset rides
- Modular
component systems allowing customization for different terrains
- Electric-assist
versions providing power on inclines or over longer distances
These adaptations ensure the beach cruiser skateboard
remains relevant in contemporary skateboarding culture while staying true to
its foundational principles of accessibility and enjoyment.
Hybrid Penny Boards: The Urban-Downhill Crossover
Revolution
The hybrid penny board represents one of skateboarding's
most innovative recent developments, combining the compact portability of
traditional penny boards with the performance components of downhill
longboards. This unique crossover design addresses the limitations of standard
penny boards while maintaining their core advantage of ultra-portability,
creating a versatile riding option for urban commuters and casual riders
seeking enhanced performance.
The Evolution of Hybrid Penny Boards
Traditional penny boards emerged in the 1970s as small
plastic skateboards but were revolutionized when the Australian brand Penny
Skateboards reintroduced them in 2010 as colorful, portable cruisers. Despite
their popularity, conventional penny boards have always faced criticism
regarding stability, ride comfort, and versatility—issues that the hybrid
design directly addresses.
The hybrid penny board concept originated around 2015 when
skate enthusiasts began experimenting with component swaps, replacing standard
penny trucks and wheels with downhill longboard parts. What began as custom
modifications eventually evolved into purpose-built production models as
manufacturers recognized the potential of these versatile hybrids.
Key Design Components
The hybrid penny board features a distinctive combination
of elements from different skateboarding disciplines:
Deck Construction:
- Compact length
(22-27 inches) similar to traditional penny boards
- Constructed
from high-impact plastic, fiberglass-reinforced composites, or maple wood
- Maintains the
classic penny shape with a wide nose and functional kicktail
- Often features
reinforced mounting points to accommodate heavier downhill components
- Available in
both solid and perforated designs for weight reduction
- Typically
includes molded texture patterns or grip tape alternatives for secure
footing
Downhill-Inspired Trucks:
- Precision-cast
or CNC-machined trucks borrowed from downhill longboard designs
- Wider than
standard penny trucks (150-180mm width) for increased stability
- Lower degree
baseplate angles (45-50 degrees) offering improved stability at speed
- Higher quality
bushings (87a-90a durometer) allowing for fine-tuned carving performance
- Often
incorporates precision pivot cups and grade 8 hardware for durability
Performance Bearings:
- High-precision
ABEC 7-9 rated bearings from downhill longboard applications
- Often includes
built-in spacers for consistent performance and simplified maintenance
- Ceramic options
available for reduced friction and improved weather resistance
- Sealed designs
to protect against moisture and debris in urban environments
Upgraded Wheels:
- Larger diameter
(60-70mm) compared to standard penny wheels (54-59mm)
- Softer
durometer ratings (78a-83a) for enhanced shock absorption
- Wider contact
patch (36-40mm) providing improved grip and stability
- Rounded lips to
maintain the ability to slide when necessary
- Often features
high-rebound urethane formulas for maintaining momentum
Performance Advantages
The hybrid penny board delivers several significant
performance improvements over traditional designs:
Enhanced Stability: The combination of
wider trucks, larger wheels, and precision bearings dramatically improves
stability without sacrificing the nimble feeling that makes penny boards
appealing. This stability becomes particularly noticeable at moderate speeds
(10-15 mph) where standard penny boards typically begin to feel unstable.
Superior Shock Absorption: The
larger, softer wheels effectively absorb vibrations from uneven surfaces,
cracks, and small obstacles. This significantly improves ride comfort, reduces
foot fatigue during longer sessions, and allows riders to maintain speed over
terrain that would slow or stop a conventional penny board.
Improved Carving Capability: The
precision trucks enable deeper, more controlled carves than possible on
standard penny equipment. Riders can execute flowing turns with confidence,
pumping to generate speed without pushing—a technique nearly impossible on
traditional penny boards with their limited turning radius.
Moderate Downhill Performance: While
not suitable for serious downhill racing, hybrid penny boards can comfortably
handle moderate hills that would be hazardous on standard penny boards. Their
improved component quality provides predictable performance at speeds up to
20-25 mph.
Retained Portability: Despite the upgraded
components, hybrid penny boards maintain much of the portability advantage that
made the original penny board popular. They remain light enough to carry in
backpacks, store under desks, or bring onto public transportation—though they
typically weigh 1-2 pounds more than standard versions.
Ideal Usage Scenarios
Hybrid penny boards excel in specific riding contexts:
- Urban commuting
over varying surface qualities
- College
campuses with a mix of hills and flat areas
- City
environments with frequent transitions between riding and walking
- Skate parks for
bowls and transition features (not technical street skating)
- Moderate hills
too intimidating for standard penny boards
- Travel
scenarios where portability and versatility are equally important
Limitations and Considerations
Despite their advantages, hybrid penny boards have several
limitations worth noting:
- Higher
cost—typically 50-100% more expensive than standard penny boards
- Added weight
compared to traditional penny boards
- Less suitable
for technical tricks than standard skateboards
- Not appropriate
for serious downhill speeds (above 25-30 mph)
- Requires more
maintenance than standard penny boards
- Less
aftermarket support than established skateboard types
The Growing Market and Future Developments
The hybrid penny board market continues to expand with
several manufacturers now offering production models. Future developments in
this category may include:
- Carbon fiber
decks for reduced weight while maintaining strength
- Adjustable
baseplate angles for customizable geometry
- Specialized
urethane formulas developed specifically for small-deck performance
- Folding
mechanisms for enhanced portability
- Smart
integration with urban mobility apps and tracking systems
As urban transportation needs evolve and skateboarding
continues to gain acceptance as legitimate transportation, the hybrid penny
board represents an innovative solution bridging the gap between pure
recreation and practical mobility.
The Ideal Skateboard: Why Hybrid Penny Boards Are Best
In the exciting world of skateboarding, riders have many
options to choose from. Some prefer downhill longboards for speed, while others
enjoy beach cruisers for relaxed sidewalk riding. However, the hybrid penny
board with oversized wheels and trucks is clearly the best choice for most
young skateboarders. Its combination of versatility, safety, and fun makes it
superior to other skateboard types for everyday use.
First, hybrid penny boards offer exceptional versatility
that other boards cannot match. With their oversized wheels, these boards can
handle different surfaces like cracked sidewalks, gravel paths, and smooth
pavement. Unlike downhill longboards that only perform well on steep, smooth
roads, hybrid penny boards work almost anywhere. For instance, when riding to
school, a student might encounter various surfaces that would challenge other
boards, but the hybrid penny board can handle them all with ease.
Second, hybrid penny boards provide better safety features
for young riders. The oversized trucks create a more stable base, making it
easier to balance and reducing the chance of falls. Beach cruisers, while
stable on flat surfaces, become wobbly and dangerous when encountering small
obstacles or slight inclines. In comparison, hybrid penny boards allow riders
to maintain control in various situations. This increased stability is
especially important for newer skateboarders who are still developing their skills
and confidence.
Third, these hybrid boards offer the most enjoyable
experience for casual riders. The combination of maneuverability and stability
creates the perfect balance for fun riding. Downhill longboards are designed
primarily for speed and can be intimidating and difficult to control for
average users. Beach cruisers, while comfortable for straight paths, lack the
exciting turning capabilities that make skateboarding fun. Hybrid penny boards
provide just the right amount of excitement while remaining accessible to riders
of all skill levels.
In conclusion, hybrid penny boards with oversized wheels and
trucks represent the ideal choice for young skateboarders. Their versatility
across different terrains, enhanced safety features, and perfect balance of fun
and accessibility make them superior to both downhill longboards and beach
cruisers. Any student looking to enjoy skateboarding should strongly consider
choosing a hybrid penny board for their next ride. It truly offers the best
skateboarding experience for everyday use.
Keyword Outline for
5-Paragraph Skateboard Opinion Essay
I. Introduction
1. Different
skateboard types
2. Various
riding purposes
3. Personal
skating needs
4. Thesis:
Hybrid penny board best suits my purposes because of portability, versatility,
and performance
II. Portability Advantages
1. Compact
deck length
2. Lightweight
composite construction
3. Fits
inside backpack
4. Easy
campus transportation
5. Store
under desk
6. Quick
carry option
III. Versatility Benefits
1. Urban
commuting capability
2. Handles
varied terrain
3. Moderate
hill performance
4. Campus
environment perfect
5. Transitions
between riding/walking
6. All-purpose
daily use
IV. Performance
Superiority
1. Downhill
longboard trucks
2. High-precision
ABEC bearings
3. Larger,
softer wheels
4. Enhanced
shock absorption
5. Improved
carving capability
6. Maintains
comfortable speed
V. Conclusion
1. Restate
main thesis
2. Summarize
key points
3. Acknowledge
other options
4. Personal
needs met
5. Ideal
skateboard choice
6. Final
convincing statement
2-4-Week Opinion Arizona Writing Lesson Plans: Skateboard
Comparison
Grade Level: 4th-6th Grade
Small Group Size: 4-6 Students
Duration: 2-4 Weeks
Framework: IEW Writing with Structure and Style
Final Product: 5-Paragraph Opinion Essay (AASA Writing Test Format)
Arizona State Standards Addressed
4th Grade
- 4.W.1: Write
opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons
and information.
- a.
Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an
organizational structure in which related ideas are grouped to support
the writer's purpose.
- b.
Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.
- c.
Link opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in
order to, in addition).
- d.
Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion
presented.
- 4.RI.1: Refer
to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says
explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.
- 4.RI.9: Integrate
information from two-THREE texts on the same topic in order to
write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.
5th Grade
- 5.W.1: Write
opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons
and information.
- a.
Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an
organizational structure in which ideas are logically grouped to support
the writer's purpose.
- b.
Provide logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and
details.
- c.
Link opinion and reasons using words, phrases, and clauses (e.g.,
consequently, specifically).
- d.
Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion
presented.
- 5.RI.1: Quote
accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and
when drawing inferences from the text.
- 5.RI.9: Integrate
information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or
speak about the subject knowledgeably.
6th Grade
- 6.W.1: Write
arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.
- a.
Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly.
- b.
Support claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible
sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.
- c.
Use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among
claim(s) and reasons.
- d.
Establish and maintain a formal style.
- e.
Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the argument
presented.
- 6.RI.1: Cite
textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as
well as inferences drawn from the text.
- 6.RI.9: Compare
and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another.
Goals and Objectives
Overall Goals
- Students
will develop proficiency in opinion/argumentative writing following the
5-paragraph essay structure.
- Students
will learn to support opinions with evidence from multiple texts.
- Students
will master IEW techniques including keyword outlining, dress-ups, and
decorations.
- Students
will improve close reading skills to identify and extract relevant
information from source texts.
Specific Learning Objectives
By the end of this 4-week unit, students will be able to:
- Create
a detailed keyword outline from source texts
- Write
a clear thesis statement expressing an opinion about skateboard types
- Support
their opinion with at least 3 reasons and relevant evidence from the texts
- Incorporate
at least 5 different IEW dress-ups in their writing
- Use
at least 3 different IEW decorations to enhance their writing
- Create
strong topic sentences for each paragraph
- Write
effective transitions between paragraphs
- Craft
a conclusion that restates their opinion and provides closure
Materials Needed
- Three
source articles (about downhill longboard, beach cruiser, penny board, and
normal park board skateboards)
- Anchor
text about skateboard types
- Writer's
guide with IEW structure and style guidelines
- Student
sample of a keyword outline for a 5-paragraph essay
- IEW
dress-ups and decorations reference sheet
- Highlighters
and colored pencils for marking texts
- Notecards
for keywords
- Chart
paper and markers
- Rubrics
for self and peer assessment
Week 1: Close Reading and Keyword Outlines
Day 1: Introduction and Pre-Assessment
- Introduce
the topic of skateboarding and different board types
- Administer
pre-assessment writing sample: "What is your favorite way to get
around outside and why?"
- Introduce
the ASA writing test format and 5-paragraph essay structure
- Preview
the 4-week plan and final outcome expectations
Day 2: Close Reading Strategies
- Introduce
close reading strategies (read, annotate, question, reread)
- Model
close reading with the anchor text about skateboard types
- Practice
annotating text for main ideas and supporting details
- Introduce
the concept of "key words" in IEW methodology
Day 3: Keyword Identification
- Review
close reading strategies
- Introduce
the first source article (downhill longboard)
- Model
identifying keywords (3-5 words per sentence)
- Guided
practice: Students identify keywords in pairs
- Discuss
keywords as a group and refine selections
Day 4: Keyword Outline Introduction
- Present
student sample of a keyword outline
- Analyze
structure and organization
- Distribute
the second source article (beach cruiser)
- Students
practice creating keyword outlines in small groups
- Share
and compare keyword outlines
Day 5: Independent Practice
- Distribute
the third source article (penny board and normal park board)
- Students
create individual keyword outlines
- Conference
with students individually
- Week
1 reflection: What was challenging about creating keyword outlines?
Week 2: Paragraph Structure and Development
Day 1: Introduction and Thesis Statements
- Review
keyword outlines from Week 1
- Introduce
opinion writing and thesis statement construction
- Model
creating a strong thesis statement about skateboard types
- Students
draft their own thesis statements
- Peer
feedback on thesis statements
Day 2: Paragraph Structure
- Introduce
the structure of body paragraphs (topic sentence, evidence, explanation)
- Analyze
examples from the writer's guide
- Model
creating a topic sentence from a section of the keyword outline
- Students
practice writing topic sentences for their body paragraphs
Day 3: Supporting Evidence
- Discuss
types of evidence (facts, examples, statistics, expert opinions)
- Review
source articles to identify strong evidence
- Model
selecting evidence from keyword outline to support opinions
- Students
select evidence for each of their body paragraphs
Day 4: Introductory Paragraph
- Analyze
sample introductory paragraphs
- Discuss
strategies for hooking the reader
- Model
writing an introduction with hook, background, and thesis
- Students
draft their introductory paragraphs
Day 5: Concluding Paragraph
- Analyze
sample concluding paragraphs
- Discuss
strategies for restating thesis and providing closure
- Model
writing a conclusion
- Students
draft their concluding paragraphs
- Week
2 reflection: How does your essay structure support your opinion?
Week 3: IEW Dress-Ups and Decorations
Day 1: Introduction to Dress-Ups
- Introduce
IEW dress-ups (strong verbs, quality adjectives, adverbs, etc.)
- Analyze
examples in the writer's guide
- Model
identifying and adding dress-ups to a paragraph
- Students
identify existing dress-ups in their drafts
Day 2: Applying Dress-Ups
- Review
dress-up elements and requirements
- Model
adding dress-ups to improve writing
- Students
revise their body paragraphs to add at least 3 dress-ups
- Peer
feedback on dress-up incorporation
Day 3: Introduction to Decorations
- Introduce
IEW decorations (questions, quotes, 3sss, etc.)
- Analyze
examples in the writer's guide
- Model
adding decorations to enhance writing
- Students
identify opportunities for decorations in their drafts
Day 4: Applying Decorations
- Review
decoration elements and requirements
- Model
adding decorations to improve writing
- Students
revise their drafts to add at least 2 decorations
- Peer
feedback on decoration incorporation
Day 5: Transitions and Flow
- Discuss
importance of transitions between paragraphs
- Analyze
examples of effective transitions
- Model
adding transitions to connect paragraphs
- Students
revise their drafts to improve flow
- Week
3 reflection: How have dress-ups and decorations improved your writing?
Week 4: Revision, Editing, and Publication
Day 1: Revision Strategies
- Introduce
revision checklist (ideas, organization, voice, word choice)
- Model
using the checklist to revise a paragraph
- Students
revise their drafts using the checklist
- Conference
with students individually
Day 2: Peer Review
- Introduce
peer review protocol
- Model
giving constructive feedback
- Students
exchange papers and provide feedback using guided form
- Authors
review feedback and plan revisions
Day 3: Final Revisions
- Students
make final revisions based on peer and teacher feedback
- Focus
on strengthening arguments and improving clarity
- Conference
with students individually as needed
Day 4: Editing and Proofreading
- Introduce
editing checklist (spelling, punctuation, grammar)
- Model
using the checklist to edit a paragraph
- Students
edit their drafts
- Partner
check for final edits
Day 5: Celebration and Reflection
- Students
share their final opinion essays
- Class
discussion: What makes the most convincing arguments?
- Post-assessment
writing sample
- Final
reflection: How has your opinion writing improved?
Assessment
- Pre
and post writing samples
- Keyword
outline completion
- Quality
of thesis statement and topic sentences
- Incorporation
of IEW dress-ups and decorations
- Use
of evidence from source texts
- Final
5-paragraph opinion essay (rubric aligned with Arizona standards)
Differentiation Strategies
- For
advanced students: Increase requirements for dress-ups and
decorations; encourage more sophisticated transitions and
counter-arguments
- For
struggling students: Provide sentence frames for thesis and topic
sentences; offer additional guided practice with keyword outlines
- For
ELL students: Pre-teach vocabulary from source texts; provide
additional visual supports; allow use of native language for initial
keyword selection
The Ultimate Guide to Downhill Longboarding: Speed,
Skill, and Safety
Downhill longboarding represents the ultimate thrill-seeking
experience in the skateboarding world. Unlike traditional street skateboarding,
downhill longboarding focuses on achieving maximum speed while maintaining
precise control as riders navigate steep, winding roads. This extreme sport
combines technical skill, specialized equipment, and a fearless mindset to
create an exhilarating adventure that attracts dedicated enthusiasts worldwide.
The Evolution of Downhill Longboarding
Downhill longboarding emerged in the 1970s when surfers in
California sought ways to experience "sidewalk surfing" on steep
hills during flat ocean days. The sport evolved dramatically in the 1990s and
early 2000s with significant advancements in deck construction, wheel
technology, and truck designs specifically engineered for high-speed stability.
Today, downhill longboarding has developed into a competitive global sport with
professional racing circuits and speeds regularly exceeding 60 mph.
Specialized Equipment: The Downhill Longboard
The downhill longboard differs substantially from other
skateboard types. These specialized boards feature distinctive characteristics
that prioritize stability, control, and aerodynamic efficiency at high speeds:
Deck Design:
- Typically
36-42 inches in length with a wheelbase of 25-30 inches
- Constructed
from 8-10 plies of maple, bamboo, fiberglass, or carbon fiber composites
- Often
incorporates drop platforms or drop-through mounting to lower the rider's
center of gravity
- Features
concave shaping to lock the rider's feet securely in place during intense
cornering
- May
include wheel wells to prevent wheel bite during deep turns
Trucks and Mounting:
- Precision-machined
trucks with adjustable geometry for enhanced stability
- Specialized
baseplate angles (typically 35-45 degrees) that reduce turn sensitivity at
high speeds
- Split-angle
setups (different angles front and back) for improved control
- Mounting
options include top-mount (responsive turning), drop-through (stability),
and bracket setups (ultra-low riding position)
Wheels:
- Large
diameter (70-76mm) for maintaining momentum and rolling over imperfections
- Durometer
ratings between 74a-80a (softer) for maximum grip on asphalt
- Square-lipped
profile to increase traction during cornering
- Made
from high-rebound urethane formulas specifically designed for downhill
performance
Bearings:
- High-precision
ceramic or steel bearings (ABEC 7-9 ratings)
- Built-in
spacers and speed rings for consistent performance
- Often
shielded rather than sealed to reduce rolling resistance
Essential Safety Equipment
The extreme nature of downhill longboarding necessitates
comprehensive safety gear:
- Full-face
helmets with ASTM or CPSC certification provide crucial head and face
protection
- Leather
suits or specialized slide gloves with replaceable pucks for controlled
sliding
- Knee
pads, elbow pads, and hip protectors absorb impact during falls
- Aerodynamic
bodysuits reduce wind resistance in competitive racing scenarios
- Some
riders utilize motorcycle-grade protective equipment for maximum safety
Advanced Riding Techniques
Downhill longboarding requires mastery of specialized
techniques:
Tucking: The aerodynamic positioning of the body
to minimize wind resistance and maximize speed. Riders crouch low with their
chest near their front knee, arms behind their back, and head forward.
Sliding: Controlled drifting where riders
intentionally break wheel traction to reduce speed or navigate corners. Common
slide techniques include:
- Coleman
Slides - A fundamental hand-down slide where riders use glove pucks
- Stand-Up
Slides - Advanced techniques performed without putting hands on the ground
- Predrifts
- Controlled slides initiated before entering corners
- Shutdown
Slides - Emergency stopping techniques for quickly reducing speed
Cornering: Precise weight distribution and body
positioning allow riders to navigate hairpin turns without losing speed. This
involves:
- Rail-to-rail
transitions (shifting weight between toe and heel edges)
- Proper
lean angles relative to speed and turn radius
- Strategic
foot placement for maximum leverage
- Pre-turn
preparation and exit strategies
The Global Community and Competition
The downhill longboarding community has established
prestigious events that attract elite riders:
- International
Downhill Federation (IDF) World Cup Series spans multiple continents
- Iconic
races include Maryhill Festival of Speed (USA), Kozakov Challenge (Czech
Republic), and Arirang Hill (South Korea)
- Competitions
feature qualifying time trials followed by group heats with 4-6 riders
racing simultaneously
- Top
speeds in competition regularly exceed 55-60 mph on courses with technical
turns
Environmental and Legal Considerations
Downhill longboarding faces unique challenges regarding
accessibility and safety:
- Many
prime locations now prohibit the sport due to safety concerns
- Organized
events require extensive permits, insurance, and safety preparations
- Environmental
impact considerations include noise pollution and potential road wear
- Communities
must balance recreational access with public safety concerns
The Future of Downhill Longboarding
The sport continues to evolve with technological
advancements and growing global participation:
- Innovative
construction materials pushing the boundaries of performance
- Live
streaming and social media expanding audience reach
- Increasing
crossover with other gravity sports like downhill mountain biking
- Growing
focus on sustainability in equipment manufacturing
Downhill longboarding represents the perfect fusion of
engineering precision, athletic skill, and courage. For those willing to invest
the time in proper training and equipment, it offers an unparalleled sensation
of freedom and accomplishment as riders master the art of navigating gravity's
pull at breathtaking speeds.
Beach Cruiser Skateboards: The Laid-Back Ride for Coastal
Adventures
Beach cruiser skateboards represent the perfect fusion of
skateboarding functionality and surfing aesthetics, designed specifically for
relaxed riding along boardwalks, promenades, and coastal pathways. With their
distinctive shape, smooth ride characteristics, and eye-catching designs, beach
cruisers have carved out a dedicated niche in skateboarding culture focused
more on enjoyment and transportation than technical tricks or extreme speeds.
Origins and Evolution of the Beach Cruiser
The beach cruiser skateboard emerged in the late 1970s along
the California coastline, directly inspired by the surf culture that dominated
coastal communities. Early models featured wide decks with kick tails, soft
wheels, and loose trucks to simulate the fluid movements of surfing on
concrete. Modern beach cruisers maintain these fundamental characteristics
while incorporating contemporary materials and construction techniques.
The beach cruiser gained mainstream popularity during the
skateboarding renaissance of the 2000s, when casual riders sought alternatives
to technical street skating and longboarding. Today's beach cruisers blend
retro aesthetics with modern performance features, appealing to both nostalgic
older riders and younger enthusiasts seeking a more accessible entry point into
skateboarding culture.
Distinctive Design Elements
Beach cruiser skateboards feature several characteristic
design elements that distinguish them from other skateboard types:
Deck Construction:
- Typically
28-32 inches in length – longer than a standard skateboard but shorter
than a longboard
- Wide
profile (8.5-10 inches) for comfortable foot placement and stability
- Pronounced
concave for secure footing during turns
- Prominent
kick tail for maneuverability and obstacle navigation
- Often
constructed from 7-ply maple, bamboo, or plastic composites
- Frequently
features grip tape alternatives like clear spray-on grip or textured
surfaces
Truck Configuration:
- Traditional
kingpin trucks set wider than standard skateboards
- Looser
bushings (78-85a durometer) for fluid turning and pumping
- Riser
pads to prevent wheel bite during deep carves
- Often
angled for improved turning radius without sacrificing stability
Wheel Specifications:
- Soft
urethane formulation (78a-85a durometer) for smooth rolling over rough
surfaces
- Large
diameter (60-65mm) to maintain momentum and handle small obstacles
- Wide
contact patch for improved grip on varied surfaces
- Rounded
edges to facilitate controlled slides when necessary
Visual Aesthetics:
- Vibrant
colors and patterns reflecting coastal culture
- Wood
grain finishes or transparent components
- Retro-inspired
graphics including palm trees, waves, and sunset motifs
- Colored
wheels and trucks coordinated with deck designs
Riding Experience and Performance Characteristics
The beach cruiser skateboard delivers a distinctive riding
experience characterized by:
Smooth Rolling: The combination of soft, large
wheels and flexible deck construction creates exceptional shock absorption,
allowing riders to comfortably traverse uneven boardwalks, cracked sidewalks,
and rough asphalt without the jarring vibration experienced on traditional
skateboards.
Effortless Pumping: Beach cruisers excel at
"pumping" – the technique of generating momentum through rhythmic
weight shifts rather than pushing. This allows riders to maintain speed with
minimal effort, particularly on gentle slopes and along winding coastal paths.
Moderate Speed Capability: While not designed
for downhill racing, beach cruisers comfortably maintain moderate speeds (10-15
mph) while providing the stability necessary for riders to feel secure and in
control, making them ideal for casual transportation.
Carving Dynamics: The loose truck configuration
and responsive deck design enable deep, flowing carves reminiscent of surfing.
Riders can execute wide, sweeping turns or quick direction changes by shifting
their weight from heel to toe.
Practical Transportation: Beach cruisers strike
an optimal balance between portability and performance. They're small enough to
carry into shops or restaurants but substantial enough to provide comfortable
rides over longer distances than mini cruisers or penny boards.
Ideal Environments and Usage Scenarios
Beach cruiser skateboards thrive in specific environments
and riding contexts:
- Oceanfront
boardwalks and promenades
- College
campuses and urban parks
- Neighborhood
streets with moderate inclines
- Bike
paths and recreational trails
- Indoor
facilities like skate parks during low-traffic periods
- Short-distance
commuting in pedestrian-friendly areas
These skateboards perform optimally on smooth to moderately
textured surfaces and in environments where the rider prioritizes enjoyment
over technical precision or maximum speed.
Community and Cultural Significance
Beach cruiser skateboards have fostered distinctive
communities centered around their laid-back ethos:
- Coastal
group rides emphasizing socialization over competition
- Cross-generational
appeal bridging different age demographics
- Integration
with other beach activities like volleyball, surfing, and swimming
- Strong
representation in coastal fashion and lifestyle brands
- Accessible
entry point for beginners intimidated by technical skating
The beach cruiser represents more than transportation—it
embodies a coastal lifestyle philosophy prioritizing enjoyment, aesthetic
appreciation, and community connection.
Contemporary Innovations and Adaptations
Modern beach cruiser designs incorporate several innovations
that enhance their versatility:
- Waterproof
construction techniques for true oceanfront durability
- Bio-based
deck materials derived from sustainable resources
- LED
lighting systems for improved visibility during sunset rides
- Modular
component systems allowing customization for different terrains
- Electric-assist
versions providing power on inclines or over longer distances
These adaptations ensure the beach cruiser skateboard
remains relevant in contemporary skateboarding culture while staying true to
its foundational principles of accessibility and enjoyment.
Hybrid Penny Boards: The Urban-Downhill Crossover
Revolution
The hybrid penny board represents one of skateboarding's
most innovative recent developments, combining the compact portability of
traditional penny boards with the performance components of downhill
longboards. This unique crossover design addresses the limitations of standard
penny boards while maintaining their core advantage of ultra-portability,
creating a versatile riding option for urban commuters and casual riders
seeking enhanced performance.
The Evolution of Hybrid Penny Boards
Traditional penny boards emerged in the 1970s as small
plastic skateboards but were revolutionized when the Australian brand Penny
Skateboards reintroduced them in 2010 as colorful, portable cruisers. Despite
their popularity, conventional penny boards have always faced criticism
regarding stability, ride comfort, and versatility—issues that the hybrid
design directly addresses.
The hybrid penny board concept originated around 2015 when
skate enthusiasts began experimenting with component swaps, replacing standard
penny trucks and wheels with downhill longboard parts. What began as custom
modifications eventually evolved into purpose-built production models as
manufacturers recognized the potential of these versatile hybrids.
Key Design Components
The hybrid penny board features a distinctive combination of
elements from different skateboarding disciplines:
Deck Construction:
- Compact
length (22-27 inches) similar to traditional penny boards
- Constructed
from high-impact plastic, fiberglass-reinforced composites, or maple wood
- Maintains
the classic penny shape with a wide nose and functional kicktail
- Often
features reinforced mounting points to accommodate heavier downhill
components
- Available
in both solid and perforated designs for weight reduction
- Typically
includes molded texture patterns or grip tape alternatives for secure
footing
Downhill-Inspired Trucks:
- Precision-cast
or CNC-machined trucks borrowed from downhill longboard designs
- Wider
than standard penny trucks (150-180mm width) for increased stability
- Lower
degree baseplate angles (45-50 degrees) offering improved stability at
speed
- Higher
quality bushings (87a-90a durometer) allowing for fine-tuned carving
performance
- Often
incorporates precision pivot cups and grade 8 hardware for durability
Performance Bearings:
- High-precision
ABEC 7-9 rated bearings from downhill longboard applications
- Often
includes built-in spacers for consistent performance and simplified
maintenance
- Ceramic
options available for reduced friction and improved weather resistance
- Sealed
designs to protect against moisture and debris in urban environments
Upgraded Wheels:
- Larger
diameter (60-70mm) compared to standard penny wheels (54-59mm)
- Softer
durometer ratings (78a-83a) for enhanced shock absorption
- Wider
contact patch (36-40mm) providing improved grip and stability
- Rounded
lips to maintain the ability to slide when necessary
- Often
features high-rebound urethane formulas for maintaining momentum
Performance Advantages
The hybrid penny board delivers several significant
performance improvements over traditional designs:
Enhanced Stability: The combination of wider
trucks, larger wheels, and precision bearings dramatically improves stability
without sacrificing the nimble feeling that makes penny boards appealing. This
stability becomes particularly noticeable at moderate speeds (10-15 mph) where
standard penny boards typically begin to feel unstable.
Superior Shock Absorption: The larger, softer
wheels effectively absorb vibrations from uneven surfaces, cracks, and small
obstacles. This significantly improves ride comfort, reduces foot fatigue
during longer sessions, and allows riders to maintain speed over terrain that would
slow or stop a conventional penny board.
Improved Carving Capability: The precision
trucks enable deeper, more controlled carves than possible on standard penny
equipment. Riders can execute flowing turns with confidence, pumping to
generate speed without pushing—a technique nearly impossible on traditional
penny boards with their limited turning radius.
Moderate Downhill Performance: While not
suitable for serious downhill racing, hybrid penny boards can comfortably
handle moderate hills that would be hazardous on standard penny boards. Their
improved component quality provides predictable performance at speeds up to
20-25 mph.
Retained Portability: Despite the upgraded
components, hybrid penny boards maintain much of the portability advantage that
made the original penny board popular. They remain light enough to carry in
backpacks, store under desks, or bring onto public transportation—though they
typically weigh 1-2 pounds more than standard versions.
Ideal Usage Scenarios
Hybrid penny boards excel in specific riding contexts:
- Urban
commuting over varying surface qualities
- College
campuses with a mix of hills and flat areas
- City
environments with frequent transitions between riding and walking
- Skate
parks for bowls and transition features (not technical street skating)
- Moderate
hills too intimidating for standard penny boards
- Travel
scenarios where portability and versatility are equally important
Limitations and Considerations
Despite their advantages, hybrid penny boards have several
limitations worth noting:
- Higher
cost—typically 50-100% more expensive than standard penny boards
- Added
weight compared to traditional penny boards
- Less
suitable for technical tricks than standard skateboards
- Not
appropriate for serious downhill speeds (above 25-30 mph)
- Requires
more maintenance than standard penny boards
- Less
aftermarket support than established skateboard types
The Growing Market and Future Developments
The hybrid penny board market continues to expand with
several manufacturers now offering production models. Future developments in
this category may include:
- Carbon
fiber decks for reduced weight while maintaining strength
- Adjustable
baseplate angles for customizable geometry
- Specialized
urethane formulas developed specifically for small-deck performance
- Folding
mechanisms for enhanced portability
- Smart
integration with urban mobility apps and tracking systems
As urban transportation needs evolve and skateboarding
continues to gain acceptance as legitimate transportation, the hybrid penny
board represents an innovative solution bridging the gap between pure
recreation and practical mobility.
Keyword Outline for 5-Paragraph Skateboard Opinion Essay
I. Introduction
- Different
skateboard types
- Various
riding purposes
- Personal
skating needs
- Thesis:
Hybrid penny board best suits my purposes because of portability,
versatility, and performance
II. Portability Advantages
- Compact
deck length
- Lightweight
composite construction
- Fits
inside backpack
- Easy
campus transportation
- Store
under desk
- Quick
carry option
III. Versatility Benefits
- Urban
commuting capability
- Handles
varied terrain
- Moderate
hill performance
- Campus
environment perfect
- Transitions
between riding/walking
- All-purpose
daily use
IV. Performance Superiority
- Downhill
longboard trucks
- High-precision
ABEC bearings
- Larger,
softer wheels
- Enhanced
shock absorption
- Improved
carving capability
- Maintains
comfortable speed
V. Conclusion
- Restate
main thesis
- Summarize
key points
- Acknowledge
other options
- Personal
needs met
- Ideal
skateboard choice
- Final
convincing statement
Keyword Outline Guide for Opinion Essays: IBEW Structure
Formal Outline vs. Keyword Outline
A keyword outline follows the same organizational structure
as a formal outline but uses only 2-3 keywords per line instead of complete
sentences. This helps students quickly organize their thoughts before writing.
Sample Keyword Outline for Skateboard Essay
I. Introduction
- skateboarding
options available
- hybrid
penny advantages
- thesis:
most versatile
II. Body Paragraph 1
- versatility
across terrains
- oversized
wheels benefit
- compared
to alternatives
III. Body Paragraph 2
- safety
features explained
- stability
for beginners
- better
than competitors
IV. Body Paragraph 3
- enjoyable
riding experience
- perfect
balance achieved
- accessibility
all levels
V. Conclusion
- restate
main argument
- summarize
key points
- final
recommendation
How to Create Your Keyword Outline
- After
reading your three articles about skateboards, identify the main arguments
- For
each Roman numeral section, choose only 2-3 keywords that capture the main
idea
- Keep
your outline concise - this is just your roadmap
- Focus
on the comparison between the three skateboard types
- Include
evidence from all three sources
History of Formal Outlines
Formal outlines have a rich history dating back to ancient
civilizations:
- Ancient
Origins: The concept of hierarchical organization can be traced to
ancient Greek and Roman rhetorical traditions. Aristotle's
"Rhetoric" (4th century BCE) established early frameworks for
organizing arguments.
- Roman
Numerals: The use of Roman numerals in outlines became common during
the Medieval period in Europe. Scholars and monks used this system to
organize religious and philosophical texts.
- Renaissance
Development: During the Renaissance, formal outlines became more
standardized as academic writing expanded. The humanist scholars
formalized many of the organizational structures we still use today.
- Modern
Standardization: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, academic
institutions began standardizing the format with Roman numerals (I, II,
III), capital letters (A, B, C), Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3), and lowercase
letters (a, b, c).
- Educational
Adoption: The IBEW (Introduction, Body, Evidence, Wrap-up) structure
became popular in American schools during the mid-20th century as a
simplified framework to teach formal writing to students.
- Digital
Evolution: Today's outline formats maintain the same basic structure
but have adapted to digital formats with auto-indentation and formatting
tools in word processors.
The outline structure mimics how human minds organize information hierarchically, which explains its enduring popularity as a pre-writing tool even after thousands of years!
Example:
n a formal outline, the standard format is to use Roman
numerals (I, II, III) for main points, capital letters (A, B, C) for subpoints
under each main point, Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) for further subdivisions under
each subpoint, and lowercase letters (a, b, c) for even more detailed
subcategories, all with consistent indentation to show hierarchy.
Example:
I. Introduction
A. Hook/Attention Grabber
B. Background Information
C. Thesis Statement
II. Body Paragraph 1
A. Main Point 1
- Supporting
Detail A
- Supporting
Detail B
B. Main Point 2
- Supporting
Detail C
- Supporting
Detail D
III. Body Paragraph 2
A. Main Point 3
B. Main Point 4
IV. Conclusion
A. Summary of Main Points
B. Restated Thesis
C. Closing Thought
Key points to remember:
- Each
level of the outline should be indented further than the previous level.
- Every
Roman numeral should have at least one corresponding capital letter, and
every capital letter should have at least one corresponding Arabic numeral
if needed.
- Be
consistent with your formatting throughout the entire outline.
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