STAAR Reading ELA Test 5th Grade with Answer Key FREE PRINTABLE

STAAR/TEKS Reading ELA Test of Reading Comprehension, with  questions and answers keys: Practice STAAR Reading Test 5th Grade with Answer Key

The STAAR Reading test for 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Grade comprises 54 multiple-choice and open-ended questions.

Source 1. Geosphere: The geosphere is an essential Earth system that encompasses the solid components of the planet. It includes the Earth's crust, mantle, and core. The geosphere plays a fundamental role in shaping the Earth's surface and influencing geological processes. Here's a more detailed elaboration:

The Earth's Crust: The outermost layer of the geosphere is the Earth's crust. It is composed of various types of rocks, such as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. The crust is not uniformly thick and varies in thickness beneath different regions of the Earth's surface. It is divided into large tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them. These plates move and interact with one another, leading to phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of mountain ranges.

The Mantle: Beneath the Earth's crust lies the mantle, which is the thickest layer of the geosphere. The mantle is composed of solid but flowing rock material. It experiences convection currents that contribute to the movement of tectonic plates on the Earth's surface. The mantle's heat and pressure conditions play a crucial role in the melting and upwelling of magma, leading to volcanic activity.

The Core: At the center of the Earth is the core, which is further divided into the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is composed of liquid iron and nickel, while the inner core is a solid sphere consisting mainly of iron. The core generates the Earth's magnetic field through a process called the dynamo effect. This magnetic field plays a vital role in protecting the Earth from harmful solar radiation and influencing the behavior of compass needles.

Formation of Mountains and Continents: The geosphere is responsible for the formation of majestic mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, Andes, and Rockies. These mountains are the result of tectonic plate collisions, where the crust is pushed upward, folded, and faulted due to the immense forces generated by the movement of the Earth's plates. Similarly, the geosphere is involved in the formation of continents through processes like continental drift, where land masses move and collide over millions of years.

Distribution of Resources: The geosphere plays a significant role in the distribution of Earth's resources. Minerals, such as gold, copper, iron, and coal, are found within the Earth's crust and are extracted for various purposes. The geosphere also contains valuable energy resources, including fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal. Understanding the geosphere's composition and geological processes is crucial for identifying and exploiting these resources sustainably.

Habitat for Organisms: The geosphere provides habitats for various organisms. It includes diverse ecosystems such as deserts, forests, grasslands, and mountains. Different organisms have adapted to thrive in specific geological environments, taking advantage of the available resources and conditions. For example, certain plants are well-suited to grow in rocky terrains, while burrowing animals find shelter in underground formations. The geosphere's features and composition influence the distribution and characteristics of these habitats.

In summary, the geosphere encompasses the solid components of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core. It is responsible for the formation of mountains, continents, and other geological features. The geosphere influences the distribution of Earth's resources and provides habitats for various organisms. Understanding the geosphere is crucial for studying Earth's history, geological processes, and the interplay between the planet's physical features and its living organisms.

One-Part Hot Text:

1. What are the three main components of the geosphere?

2. Which layer of the geosphere is composed of solid but flowing rock material?

3. What process is responsible for the formation of mountains?

4. Name two types of rocks found in the Earth's crust.

5. How does the geosphere influence the distribution of Earth's resources?

Multiple Choice:

6. Which layer of the geosphere generates the Earth's magnetic field?

   a) Crust

   b) Mantle

   c) Outer core

   d) Inner core

7. What is the main role of the geosphere in shaping the Earth's surface?

   a) Regulating temperature

   b) Generating wind patterns

   c) Forming mountains and continents

   d) Creating ocean currents

Open Response:

8. Explain the process of continental drift and its role in the formation of continents.

9. Describe how the geosphere provides habitats for organisms and give examples of specific geological environments where organisms thrive.

10. Discuss the importance of understanding the geosphere in relation to the sustainable extraction of Earth's resources.

Multi-Select:

11. Which of the following are examples of geological processes influenced by the geosphere? Select all that apply.

    a) Earthquakes

    b) Photosynthesis

    c) Volcanic eruptions

    d) Climate change

Evidence-Based Selected Response:

12. Based on the information provided, which statement is supported by evidence?

    a) The Earth's core is composed of liquid iron and nickel.

    b) The mantle is the thinnest layer of the geosphere.

    c) The geosphere has no impact on the distribution of Earth's resources.

    d) Tectonic plate collisions contribute to the formation of mountain ranges.

Two-Part Hot Text:

13. Match the following geological features with their corresponding layer of the geosphere:

    I. Earth's crust

    II. Mantle

    III. Core

    a) Formation of mountains

    b) Generation of Earth's magnetic field

    c) Composed of liquid iron and nickel

Editing Task Questions:

14. Identify and correct any grammatical or spelling errors in the provided text.

Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

15. Select the components of the geosphere:

    a) Biosphere

    b) Crust

    c) Atmosphere

    d) Mantle

Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

16. Write a paragraph describing the significance of the geosphere in relation to the Earth's overall ecosystem and the interdependence of its systems.

These questions cover a range of question formats to assess comprehension and critical thinking skills related to the geosphere.

Answer Key:

One-Part Hot Text:

1. The three main components of the geosphere are the crust, mantle, and core.

2. The layer of the geosphere composed of solid but flowing rock material is the mantle.

3. The formation of mountains is the result of tectonic plate collisions.

4. Examples of types of rocks found in the Earth's crust include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

5. The geosphere influences the distribution of Earth's resources by containing minerals and energy resources within the Earth's crust.

Multiple Choice:

6. c) Outer core

7. c) Forming mountains and continents

Open Response:

8. Continental drift is the gradual movement of the Earth's continents over time due to the shifting of tectonic plates. This movement is caused by the convection currents in the mantle. As the plates move, they collide, separate, or slide past each other, resulting in the formation of continents. Over millions of years, this process has shaped the Earth's landmasses into their current positions.

9. The geosphere provides habitats for organisms in various geological environments. For example, rocky terrains can support plant life that has adapted to grow in such conditions, while underground formations provide shelter for burrowing animals. Other examples include deserts, forests, grasslands, and mountains, each hosting unique organisms adapted to their specific geological features.

10. Understanding the geosphere is crucial for studying Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

11. Select the layers of the geosphere from the options below:

   a) Crust

   b) Core

   c) Mantle

   d) Lithosphere

   e) Atmosphere

   Answer: a) Crust, c) Mantle, b) Core

Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

12. Explain how the geosphere influences the distribution of Earth's resources.

   Answer: The geosphere plays a significant role in the distribution of Earth's resources. Within the Earth's crust, minerals such as gold, copper, iron, and coal are found and can be extracted for various purposes. Additionally, the geosphere contains valuable energy resources like fossil fuels, including oil, natural gas, and coal. Understanding the composition and geological processes of the geosphere is crucial for identifying the locations and accessibility of these resources, allowing for their sustainable exploitation.

13. Discuss the importance of the geosphere in providing habitats for organisms.

   Answer: The geosphere provides diverse habitats for organisms. Different geological environments, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, and mountains, offer unique conditions and resources that support various forms of life. Organisms have adapted to these specific habitats, utilizing available resources and responding to geological features. For example, certain plants are well-suited to rocky terrains, while animals find shelter in underground formations. The geosphere's characteristics and composition directly influence the distribution, diversity, and survival of organisms on Earth.

Note: The answer key provided is a general guide and may vary depending on the specific context and requirements of the TEKS Reading ELA reading comprehension questions.

2. Biosphere: The biosphere comprises all living organisms on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It encompasses various ecosystems such as forests, oceans, deserts, and grasslands. The biosphere interacts with the other Earth systems to create a delicate balance of energy and matter exchange. Organisms depend on the biosphere for food, shelter, and other resources.

Biosphere: The biosphere is a vital Earth system that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the environment. It extends from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains and from the most remote forests to the bustling cities. Here's a more detailed expansion on the concept:

Ecosystems and Biodiversity: The biosphere consists of diverse ecosystems that support a wide array of plant, animal, and microbial life. These ecosystems can range from lush rainforests to expansive coral reefs, from vast grasslands to icy tundra. Each ecosystem has its unique set of organisms adapted to its specific environmental conditions. The biosphere's immense biodiversity plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability and resilience of the Earth's ecosystems.

Interactions with the Physical Environment: The biosphere interacts closely with other Earth systems. For instance, plants in the biosphere undergo photosynthesis, using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and store energy in the form of carbohydrates. This process contributes to the cycling of carbon and oxygen in the atmosphere and the regulation of the planet's climate. Additionally, the biosphere interacts with the hydrosphere through processes like evaporation, precipitation, and the water cycle, influencing the distribution of water resources.

Energy and Matter Exchange: Within the biosphere, energy and matter flow among living organisms and their environment. Producers, such as plants and algae, capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. This energy is then transferred through the food chain as organisms consume and are consumed by others. Nutrients and organic matter are recycled as decomposers break down dead organisms and waste, replenishing the soil and providing essential elements for new growth.

Dependency on the Biosphere: All organisms, including humans, depend on the biosphere for their survival and well-being. The biosphere provides essential resources such as food, water, shelter, and medicine. It also offers various ecosystem services, including climate regulation, water purification, soil fertility, and pollination. Human activities can impact the biosphere through habitat destruction, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. Understanding the intricate web of life within the biosphere is crucial for conserving biodiversity and maintaining the planet's ecological balance.

Adaptation and Evolution: Organisms in the biosphere continuously adapt to their surroundings through the process of natural selection. They evolve traits that enhance their chances of survival and reproduction in specific environments. Over time, this leads to the diversification of species and the formation of complex ecological relationships. The biosphere's evolutionary processes have shaped the Earth's biodiversity and continue to unfold, providing opportunities for scientific inquiry and discovery.

Conservation and Sustainability: Recognizing the value and fragility of the biosphere, efforts are made to conserve and sustainably manage its resources. Conservation practices aim to protect endangered species, preserve ecosystems, and maintain ecological integrity. Sustainable practices involve balancing human needs with the long-term health of the biosphere, ensuring that future generations can continue to benefit from its services. Education and awareness play a vital role in promoting responsible stewardship of the biosphere and fostering a sense of environmental responsibility.

In summary, the biosphere encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the environment. It includes diverse ecosystems and is essential for supporting life on Earth. The biosphere influences and is influenced by other Earth systems, and it plays a crucial role in energy and matter exchange. Humans and other organisms rely on the biosphere for resources and services, highlighting the need for conservation and sustainable practices. Understanding the complexity and interconnectedness of the biosphere is fundamental to studying life on Earth and promoting its long-term well-being.

TEKS / STAAR Reading ELA reading comprehension questions:

1. One‐Part Hot Text:

   Which Earth system comprises all living organisms and their interactions with the environment?

   Answer: Biosphere

2. Multiple Choice:

   What does the biosphere encompass?

   a) Plants and animals

   b) Rocks and minerals

   c) Oceans and rivers

   d) All living organisms and their interactions with the environment

   Answer: d) All living organisms and their interactions with the environment

3. Open Response:

   Explain the role of biodiversity in maintaining the stability of ecosystems within the biosphere.

   Answer: Biodiversity within the biosphere helps maintain the stability of ecosystems by ensuring a variety of species with different roles and functions. This diversity allows for a balanced food web, efficient nutrient cycling, and resilience to environmental changes. Additionally, biodiversity provides ecosystem services such as pollination, water purification, and soil fertility, contributing to the overall health and functioning of ecosystems.

4. Multi‐Select:

   Which of the following Earth systems interact closely with the biosphere?

   Select all that apply:

   a) Geosphere

   b) Atmosphere

   c) Hydrosphere

   d) Cryosphere

   Answer: a) Geosphere, b) Atmosphere, c) Hydrosphere

5. Evidence‐Based Selected Response:

   According to the passage, why is the biosphere important for humans?

   Select the evidence that supports your answer:

   a) "The biosphere provides essential resources such as food, water, shelter, and medicine."

   b) "The biosphere consists of diverse ecosystems that support a wide array of plant, animal, and microbial life."

   c) "Understanding the intricate web of life within the biosphere is crucial for conserving biodiversity and maintaining the planet's ecological balance."

   Answer: a) "The biosphere provides essential resources such as food, water, shelter, and medicine."

6. Two‐Part Hot Text:

   Match the following processes with their respective descriptions:

   1. Photosynthesis    ___   a) Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy

   2. Decomposition    ___   b) Breakdown of dead organisms and waste

   3. Natural selection   ___   c) Process by which organisms adapt to their environment

   Answer: 1-a, 2-b, 3-c

7. Editing Task Questions:

   Identify and correct the error in the following sentence:

   "The biospere includes various ecosystems such as forests, oceans, deserts, and grasslands."

   Answer: "The biosphere includes various ecosystems such as forests, oceans, deserts, and grasslands."

8. Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

   Select the Earth system that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

   Answer: Biosphere

9. Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

   Explain why conservation and sustainable practices are important for the biosphere.

   Answer: Conservation and sustainable practices are crucial for the biosphere because they help protect endangered species, preserve ecosystems, and maintain ecological integrity. By implementing responsible stewardship, we can ensure the long-term health of the biosphere, prevent habitat destruction, and minimize pollution. Sustainable practices allow for the equitable use of resources while minimizing negative impacts on the biosphere, ensuring that future generations can continue to benefit from its services.

Certainly! Here are more TEKS / STAAR Reading ELA reading comprehension questions for the biosphere passage:

10. One‐Part Hot Text:

    What is the main function of the biosphere?

    Answer: To support and sustain life on Earth.

11. Multiple Choice:

    How does the biosphere interact with the hydrosphere?

    a) By regulating the climate

    b) Through the water cycle

    c) By providing shelter for aquatic organisms

    d) By storing carbon dioxide

    Answer: b) Through the water cycle

12. Open Response:

    Describe the role of producers in the biosphere.

    Answer: Producers, such as plants and algae, play a crucial role in the biosphere. They capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis and convert it into food and oxygen. Producers form the base of the food chain and provide energy for other organisms. They also contribute to the cycling of nutrients and the production of oxygen, which is essential for supporting life on Earth.

13. Multi‐Select:

    Which of the following are examples of ecosystems in the biosphere?

    Select all that apply:

    a) Coral reefs

    b) Grasslands

    c) Mountains

    d) Deserts

    Answer: a) Coral reefs, b) Grasslands, d) Deserts

14. Evidence‐Based Selected Response:

    Based on the passage, how does the biosphere contribute to the well-being of humans?

    Select the evidence that supports your answer:

    a) "The biosphere extends from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains."

    b) "The biosphere provides essential resources such as food, water, shelter, and medicine."

    c) "The biosphere interacts closely with other Earth systems."

    Answer: b) "The biosphere provides essential resources such as food, water, shelter, and medicine."

15. Two‐Part Hot Text:

    Match the following organisms with their respective biosphere habitats:

    1. Polar bear         ___   a) Rainforest

    2. Cactus              ___   b) Arctic region

    3. Toucan             ___   c) Desert

    Answer: 1-b, 2-c, 3-a

16. Editing Task Questions:

    Identify and correct the error in the following sentence:

    "The biospher is responsible for maintaining the stability of Earth's ecosystems."

    Answer: "The biosphere is responsible for maintaining the stability of Earth's ecosystems."

17. Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

    Select the Earth system that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

    Answer: Biosphere

18. Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

    Explain how human activities can impact the biosphere.

    Answer: Human activities can have negative impacts on the biosphere. For example, habitat destruction through deforestation and urbanization can result in the loss of biodiversity and disrupt ecosystems. Pollution, such as the release of chemicals into the air and water, can harm organisms and degrade the quality of habitats. Additionally, the introduction of invasive species can threaten native species and disrupt ecological balance. It is important for humans to be aware of these impacts and take responsible actions to minimize harm to the biosphere.

Note: The answers provided above are samples and may vary. The key is to ensure that the questions align with the content and objectives of the passage and require students to demonstrate reading comprehension and critical thinking skills.

Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere refers to all the water on Earth, including oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor. It plays a vital role in the Earth's climate system, acting as a medium for heat transfer and regulating temperature. The hydrosphere supports diverse aquatic ecosystems and provides water for drinking, agriculture, and other human activities.

Hydrosphere: The hydrosphere encompasses all the water on Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and even water vapor in the atmosphere. It is an essential component of the Earth's system and plays a crucial role in various aspects of our planet. Here's an expansion and elaboration on the concept:

Climate Regulation: The hydrosphere plays a significant role in the regulation of Earth's climate. Water acts as a medium for heat transfer, absorbing and releasing large amounts of heat energy. The movement of water through various processes, such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, helps distribute heat around the globe, influencing weather patterns and the overall climate system. The hydrosphere, particularly the vast oceans, acts as a heat sink, absorbing and storing heat from the sun and releasing it slowly over time.

Aquatic Ecosystems: The hydrosphere supports a wide range of aquatic ecosystems, including marine, freshwater, and brackish environments. These ecosystems are home to diverse plant and animal species, providing habitats for marine life such as coral reefs, kelp forests, wetlands, and estuaries. The hydrosphere supports a complex web of interactions among organisms, including food chains, nutrient cycling, and various ecological processes that contribute to the overall health and functioning of these ecosystems.

Water Supply: The hydrosphere is the primary source of freshwater, which is essential for various human activities, including drinking, agriculture, industry, and sanitation. Rivers, lakes, and groundwater reservoirs serve as freshwater sources for communities around the world. However, it is important to note that only a small fraction of Earth's water is freshwater, and the availability of clean, potable water is a pressing global issue. Sustainable water management practices and conservation efforts are crucial for ensuring a reliable and equitable water supply.

Weather and Precipitation: The hydrosphere plays a critical role in the formation of weather patterns and the occurrence of precipitation. Through the processes of evaporation, condensation, and transpiration, water vapor is released into the atmosphere, forming clouds and ultimately leading to rainfall, snowfall, or other forms of precipitation. The distribution and amount of precipitation in different regions have profound effects on local climates, ecosystems, and human activities such as agriculture and water resource planning.

Hydrological Cycle: The hydrosphere is part of the Earth's hydrological cycle, which is a continuous process of water movement and exchange between the atmosphere, land, and oceans. This cycle involves processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater flow. The hydrological cycle is essential for the natural distribution and recycling of water, ensuring its availability for various ecosystems and human needs.

Water as a Solvent: Water's unique properties as a solvent are crucial for many chemical and biological processes. It allows for the dissolution of minerals, nutrients, and gases, facilitating their transport and availability for organisms. The hydrosphere acts as a medium for nutrient cycling and the transport of essential elements, playing a vital role in supporting life and ecological processes.

Erosion and Landforms: The hydrosphere is a powerful agent of erosion, shaping the Earth's landforms over millions of years. Moving water, in the form of rivers, streams, and waves, erodes rocks and sediments, carrying them to different locations and depositing them to form new landforms. Examples of water-driven landforms include canyons, valleys, deltas, and coastal features such as cliffs and beaches. The erosive power of water contributes to the continuous reshaping of the Earth's surface.

Oceanic Circulation: The hydrosphere, particularly the oceans, plays a crucial role in global oceanic circulation. Ocean currents, driven by various factors such as temperature, salinity, and wind patterns, distribute heat around the planet and influence climate. These currents also transport nutrients, marine organisms, and pollutants, impacting marine ecosystems on a global scale.

Understanding the hydrosphere and its interactions with other Earth systems is vital for addressing water-related challenges, managing water resources sustainably, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. It highlights the intricate connections between water, climate, ecosystems, and human well-being, emphasizing the importance of responsible stewardship and conservation efforts.

Sure! Here are the TEKS / STAAR Reading ELA comprehension questions for the Hydrosphere passage:

1. One-Part Hot Text:

   What is the main role of the hydrosphere in the Earth's climate system?

2. Multiple Choice:

   What is the significance of the hydrosphere in supporting aquatic ecosystems?

   a) It provides a medium for heat transfer.

   b) It regulates the planet's climate.

   c) It supports diverse plant and animal life.

   d) It serves as a source of freshwater for human activities.

3. Open Response:

   Explain the importance of sustainable water management practices for ensuring a reliable and equitable water supply.

4. Multi-Select:

   Which of the following processes are part of the Earth's hydrological cycle? Select all that apply.

   a) Evaporation

   b) Condensation

   c) Transpiration

   d) Photosynthesis

5. Evidence-Based Selected Response:

   Based on the passage, which of the following is a consequence of the hydrosphere's role in weather and precipitation?

   a) Formation of clouds

   b) Availability of clean water

   c) Distribution of heat energy

   d) Erosion of landforms

6. Two-Part Hot Text:

   Match the following landforms with the process of water erosion that contributes to their formation:

   a) Canyons

   b) Deltas

   c) Beaches

   i) River erosion

   ii) Wave erosion

   iii) Coastal erosion

7. Editing Task Questions:

   Identify and correct any grammatical errors in the following sentence:

   "The hydrosphere is is a important component of the Earth's system."

8. Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

   Drag and drop the following statements into the correct categories: "Hydrosphere Interactions" or "Hydrosphere Importance."

   - Facilitates nutrient cycling

   - Influences weather patterns

   - Supports diverse aquatic ecosystems

   - Regulates the planet's climate

9. Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

   Describe the role of the hydrosphere in the global oceanic circulation and its impact on marine ecosystems.

Certainly! Here are additional TEKS / STAAR Reading ELA comprehension questions for the Hydrosphere passage:

10. One-Part Hot Text:

    How does the hydrosphere contribute to the distribution of heat around the Earth?

11. Multiple Choice:

    Why is the availability of clean, potable water a pressing global issue?

    a) The hydrosphere does not contain enough water to meet human needs.

    b) The hydrosphere is contaminated with harmful chemicals and pollutants.

    c) The hydrosphere's water is inaccessible due to its location.

    d) The hydrosphere's water is unevenly distributed across the planet.

12. Open Response:

    Explain the role of the hydrological cycle in maintaining the availability of water for various ecosystems.

13. Multi-Select:

    Which of the following statements are true regarding the role of water as a solvent in the hydrosphere? Select all that apply.

    a) Water allows for the transport of nutrients and essential elements.

    b) Water contributes to the regulation of the planet's climate.

    c) Water supports diverse aquatic ecosystems.

    d) Water plays a role in the formation of weather patterns.

14. Evidence-Based Selected Response:

    Based on the passage, why is the hydrosphere considered a powerful agent of erosion?

    a) It shapes the Earth's landforms through water-driven processes.

    b) It plays a role in the distribution of heat energy.

    c) It supports diverse plant and animal life.

    d) It regulates the planet's climate.

15. Two-Part Hot Text:

    Match the following processes with their roles in the hydrological cycle:

    a) Evaporation

    b) Runoff

    c) Infiltration

    i) Movement of water through soil and rocks

    ii) Conversion of liquid water to water vapor

    iii) Flow of water over the land surface

16. Editing Task Questions:

    Identify and correct any grammatical errors in the following sentence:

    "Water acts as medium for heat transfer, absorbing and releasing heat energy."

17. Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

    Drag and drop the following statements into the correct categories: "Hydrosphere Impacts" or "Hydrosphere Interactions."

    - Influences weather patterns

    - Supports diverse aquatic ecosystems

    - Regulates temperature

    - Provides water for human activities

18. Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

    Explain the significance of the hydrosphere's role in climate regulation and its impact on the Earth's overall climate system.

Remember, these questions are just examples, and you can modify or adapt them to suit your specific needs.

Atmosphere: The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. It consists of various gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere protects the Earth from harmful solar radiation, regulates temperature, and helps distribute heat and moisture around the globe. It also plays a crucial role in weather patterns and climate.

Atmosphere: The atmosphere is a vital component of Earth's system, encompassing the layer of gases that surrounds the planet. It serves multiple essential functions that are crucial for sustaining life and shaping the Earth's climate. Here's an expansion and elaboration on the concept:

Protective Shield: One of the primary roles of the atmosphere is to act as a protective shield for the Earth's surface. It absorbs and filters a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, preventing it from reaching the surface and safeguarding living organisms from its damaging effects. The presence of the ozone layer in the stratosphere plays a crucial role in shielding the biosphere from harmful UV radiation.

Temperature Regulation: The atmosphere helps regulate the Earth's temperature through various mechanisms. It allows for the absorption and retention of solar energy, contributing to the greenhouse effect. Certain gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the lower atmosphere, preventing it from escaping into space. This greenhouse effect maintains a relatively stable average temperature on Earth, making it suitable for supporting life.

Heat Distribution: The atmosphere plays a critical role in redistributing heat around the planet. Through processes such as convection, conduction, and advection, heat energy is transferred from regions of surplus to those of deficit. Warm air rises in the atmosphere, creating areas of low pressure, while cooler air sinks, leading to areas of high pressure. These pressure differences drive atmospheric circulation, including the formation of winds and weather patterns, which help distribute heat globally.

Weather and Climate: The atmosphere is intimately linked to weather and climate. Weather refers to the short-term variations in atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation, occurring over hours to days. Climate, on the other hand, refers to long-term patterns and averages of weather conditions over a specific region or the entire planet. The composition and dynamics of the atmosphere, including air pressure, temperature gradients, and moisture content, influence the development of weather systems and the occurrence of climate patterns.

Air Quality: The quality of the air we breathe is directly influenced by the composition of the atmosphere. Human activities, such as industrial processes, transportation, and agriculture, can release pollutants into the air, affecting air quality and human health. The atmosphere acts as a medium for the dispersion and transport of pollutants, impacting local, regional, and even global air quality. Monitoring and understanding atmospheric composition and pollutants are crucial for mitigating air pollution and its impacts.

Hydrological Cycle: The atmosphere plays a crucial role in the Earth's hydrological cycle, which involves the continuous movement and exchange of water between the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Through processes such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, water is cycled through the atmosphere, distributing it across different regions of the planet. The atmosphere acts as a conduit for the transport of water vapor, facilitating the occurrence of rainfall, snowfall, and other forms of precipitation.

Wind Patterns: The atmosphere's circulation patterns give rise to winds, which play a significant role in shaping weather patterns, ocean currents, and the distribution of heat and moisture. Global-scale wind systems, such as the trade winds and the jet stream, are driven by temperature gradients and the Earth's rotation. These wind systems influence weather patterns, air pollution dispersion, and the navigation of ships and aircraft.

Space Exploration: The atmosphere is also of critical importance for space exploration. It acts as a protective barrier against micrometeoroids and space debris, burning them up as they enter the Earth's atmosphere. The study of the atmosphere's composition, dynamics, and behavior is essential for understanding the conditions for space travel, re-entry of spacecraft, and the potential habitability of other celestial bodies.

Understanding the atmosphere's composition, dynamics, and interactions with the other Earth systems is crucial for predicting weather patterns, studying climate change, and developing strategies for mitigating the impacts of human activities. It highlights the intricate web of connections between the atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary approaches to address global environmental challenges.

Here are some STAAR/TEKS reading comprehension questions based on the provided passage about the atmosphere:

1. One‐Part Hot Text:

Which layer of the atmosphere plays a crucial role in shielding the biosphere from harmful ultraviolet radiation?

a) Troposphere

b) Mesosphere

c) Stratosphere

d) Exosphere

2. Multiple Choice:

What is one of the primary roles of the atmosphere?

a) Regulating the Earth's temperature

b) Controlling ocean currents

c) Creating tectonic plate boundaries

d) Forming geological landforms

3. Open Response:

Explain the greenhouse effect and its role in maintaining Earth's temperature.

4. Multi‐Select:

Which of the following are processes involved in the hydrological cycle?

a) Evaporation

b) Photosynthesis

c) Condensation

d) Transpiration

5. Evidence‐Based Selected Response:

Based on the passage, which of the following statements is supported by evidence?

a) The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen.

b) The atmosphere does not play a role in weather patterns.

c) The atmosphere's composition has no impact on air quality.

d) The atmosphere redistributes heat through convection, conduction, and advection.

6. Two‐Part Hot Text:

Match the following atmospheric phenomena with their respective descriptions:

1. Ozone layer

2. Greenhouse effect

3. Atmospheric circulation

a) Transfers heat from regions of surplus to those of deficit

b) Shields the biosphere from harmful UV radiation

c) Traps heat in the lower atmosphere

7. Editing Task Questions:

Identify and correct the error in the following sentence:

"The atmosphere acts as a mediator and transport of pollutants."

8. Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

Drag and drop the following processes to the correct category:

Processes involved in the hydrological cycle:

Evaporation, Precipitation, Condensation, Transpiration

9. Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

Describe two ways in which the atmosphere interacts with other Earth systems mentioned in the passage.

Here is an answer key for the STAAR/TEKS reading comprehension questions:

1. One‐Part Hot Text:

Correct answer: c) Stratosphere

2. Multiple Choice:

Correct answer: a) Regulating the Earth's temperature

3. Open Response:

Sample answer: The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which certain gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat from the Sun in the Earth's lower atmosphere. These gases act like a blanket, preventing the heat from escaping into space and thus maintaining a relatively stable average temperature on Earth. This is essential for supporting life as we know it.

4. Multi‐Select:

Correct answers: a) Evaporation, c) Condensation

5. Evidence‐Based Selected Response:

Correct answer: d) The atmosphere redistributes heat through convection, conduction, and advection.

6. Two‐Part Hot Text:

Correct matches:

1. Ozone layer - b) Shields the biosphere from harmful UV radiation

2. Greenhouse effect - c) Traps heat in the lower atmosphere

3. Atmospheric circulation - a) Transfers heat from regions of surplus to those of deficit

7. Editing Task Questions:

Correction: "The atmosphere acts as a mediator and transport of pollutants."

Corrected sentence: "The atmosphere acts as a medium for the dispersion and transport of pollutants."

8. Technology Enhanced Constructed Response (TECR) Grid Select:

Correct categorization:

Processes involved in the hydrological cycle:

- Evaporation: Water Surface

- Precipitation: Atmosphere

- Condensation: Atmosphere

- Transpiration: Plants

9. Prose Constructed Response (PCR):

Sample answer: The atmosphere interacts with other Earth systems in several ways. Firstly, it interacts with the biosphere by providing essential gases, such as oxygen, for living organisms to breathe. Additionally, it influences the distribution of moisture and heat, which affect the growth and development of plants and animals. Secondly, the atmosphere interacts with the hydrosphere through the hydrological cycle, facilitating processes like evaporation and precipitation that move water between the atmosphere and the oceans, lakes, and rivers. These interactions shape weather patterns and the availability of freshwater resources.

6th Grade Reading Passages Common Core

6th, 7th and 8th Grade free printable CCSS ELA reading passages | Use the Common Core 6th, 7th and 8th Grade Reading Passages below to prepare students for CCSS ELA reading comprehension questions.

Grade Level Reading Passage Fluency Goals 6th Grade 200 Correct Words Per Minute (CWPM) 7th Grade 225 CWPM

The War of 1812 Reading Fluency Passage | Reading Level Grade 6th and 7th

The War of 1812 was a 32-month military conflict between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, its North American colonies and its Indian allies. The outcome resolved many issues which remained from the American War of Independence, but involved no boundary changes. The United States declared war in 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by Britain's continuing war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas, and possible American interest in annexing British North American territory (part of modern day Canada) which had been denied to them in the settlement ending the American Revolutionary War. CWPM 131

With the majority of its army and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars until 1814, the British at first used a defensive strategy, repelling multiple American invasions of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. The Americans gained control over Lake Erie in 1813, seized parts of western Ontario, and ended the prospect of an Indian confederacy and an independent Indian state in the Midwest under British sponsorship. In September 1814, a British force invaded and occupied eastern Maine. This territory, along with parts of Michigan and Wisconsin, were seized and held by the British and their Indian allies for the duration of the war. In the southwest, General Andrew Jackson destroyed the military strength of the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. With the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 on April 6, the British adopted a more aggressive strategy, sending in three large invasion armies. The British victory at the Battle of Bladensburg in August 1814 allowed them to capture and burn Washington, D.C, but they were repulsed in an attempt to take Baltimore. American victories in September 1814 repulsed the British invasion of New York, and the British suffered a major defeat at New Orleans in January 1815. CWPM  340

The war was fought in three principal theatres. Firstly, at sea, warships and privateers of each side attacked the other's merchant ships, while the British blockaded the Atlantic coast of the United States and mounted large-scale raids in the later stages of the war. Secondly, both land and naval battles were fought on the American–Canadian frontier, which ran along the Great Lakes, the Saint Lawrence River and the northern end of Lake Champlain. Thirdly, the American South and Gulf Coast also saw major land battles in which the American forces defeated Britain's Indian allies and a British invasion force at New Orleans. Some invasions or counter strikes were unsuccessful, while others successfully attacked enemy objectives and took possession of opposition territory. At the end of the war both sides signed the Treaty of Ghent, and all parties returned occupied land to its pre war owner. CWPM 489

In the United States, late victories over invading British armies at the battles of Plattsburg, Baltimore (inspiring their national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"), and New Orleans produced a sense of euphoria over a "second war of independence" against Britain. Peace brought an "Era of Good Feelings" to the U.S. in which partisan animosity nearly vanished. CWPM 546

What is the main idea of the reading passage (why was the war fought?)
Why do you think the American declared war and how did the war change American history?

More Sample Reading Fluency Drills all grades
The Story of Doctor Dolittle
The Straw, the Coal, and the Bean
Treasure Island
Snow-White and Rose-Red
Alice in Wonderland
The Story that Wouldn’t be Told
The Wind in the Willows
The legend of Sleepy Hallow
Macavity the Mystery Cat
Under the Lilacs
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Special Sounds
Hurry with my Food and Drink, Boy!
John Carter of Mars 6th Grade Fluency Drill With DOK Questions

Fluency Drills By Grade Level
Fluency Drills: 6th Grade
Fluency Drills: 5th Grade
Fluency Drills: 4th Grade
Fluency Drills: 3rd Grade
Fluency Drills: 2nd Grade

Grade Level Fluency Drills K-5 | Florida Assessments for Instruction in Reading

Fluency Drills: 6, 7, 8 and 9th Grade

Free Fluency Drills 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Grade | Speed Reading Fluency Passages 

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, by Jules Verne The Nautilus  

One | Two Minute Fluency Drill

CAPTAIN NEMO stood up. I followed him. Contrived at the rear of the dining room, a double door opened, and I entered a room whose dimensions equaled the one I had just left. CWPM 33

It was a library. Tall, black–rosewood bookcases, inlaid with copper work, held on their wide shelves a large number of uniformly bound books. These furnishings followed the contours of the room, their lower parts leading to huge couches upholstered in maroon leather and curved for maximum comfort. Light, movable reading stands, which could be pushed away or pulled near as desired, allowed books to be positioned on them for easy study. In the center stood a huge table covered with pamphlets, among which some newspapers, long out of date, were visible. Electric light flooded this whole harmonious totality, falling from four frosted half globes set in the scrollwork of the ceiling. I stared in genuine wonderment at this room so ingeniously laid out, and I couldn't believe my eyes. CWPM 163

"Captain Nemo," I told my host, who had just stretched out on a couch, "this is a library that would do credit to more than one continental palace, and I truly marvel to think it can go with you into the deepest seas." CWPM 206

"Where could one find greater silence or solitude, professor?" Captain Nemo replied. "Did your study at the museum afford you such a perfect retreat?"

"No, sir, and I might add that it's quite a humble one next to yours. You own 6,000 or 7,000 volumes here . . ." CWPM 255

"12,000, Professor Aronnax. They're my sole remaining ties with dry land. But I was done with the shore the day my Nautilus submerged for the first time under the waters. That day I purchased my last volumes, my last pamphlets, my last newspapers, and ever since I've chosen to believe that humanity no longer thinks or writes. In any event, professor, these books are at your disposal, and you may use them freely." CWPM 330

I thanked Captain Nemo and approached the shelves of this library. Written in every language, books on science, ethics, and literature were there in abundance, but I didn't see a single work on economics—they seemed to be strictly banned on board. One odd detail: all these books were shelved indiscriminately without regard to the language in which they were written, and this jumble proved that the Nautilus's captain could read fluently whatever volumes he chanced to pick up. CWPM 410

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Vocabulary Glossary 

Abundance noun

an amount that is more than ample; very plentiful quantity.

There was an abundance of food at the Thanksgiving dinner.

Continental adjective

(usually capitalized) of, related to, or similar to the mainland European culture, customs, or the like.

Contour noun

the outline of a surface, form, or figure; shape.

the contours of the land

contrived adjective

planned or artificial, especially in an obvious way; not spontaneous.

The ending of the play was too contrived.

Dimension noun

size as measured in height, width, or depth.

The potential buyers asked about the dimensions of the living room.

Disposal noun

authority to control or direct someone or something.

We are at your disposal.

Ethics plural noun

the branch of philosophy that deals with values pertaining to human conduct, such as good and bad or right and wrong actions and motives; moral philosophy.

Indiscriminate adjective

not planned or organized; haphazard or jumbled.

Pamphlet noun

a short printed publication that is unbound or has a paper binding, often written to inform on some topic or to address a controversial public issue. Pamphlets were being distributed all over campus.

Submerge intransitive verb

to sink or plunge under, or as though under, water.

The submarine submerged rapidly.

The scuba diver submerged and did not return to the surface for several minutes.

Volume noun

a collection of pages of writing or print bound together; book.

Our public library has thousands of volumes.

More Free Fluency Drills: 6, 7, 6, and 9th Grade
Use the Free PDF fluency drills below for 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th grade. This is a small sample from my Eclectic Speller that the students use to have fun reading and build reading fluency.

Sample Reading Fluency Drills all grades

The Story of Doctor Dolittle

The Straw, the Coal, and the Bean

Treasure Island

Snow-White and Rose-Red

Alice in Wonderland

The Story that Wouldn’t be Told

The Wind in the Willows

The legend of Sleepy Hallow

Macavity the Mystery Cat

Under the Lilacs

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Special Sounds

Hurry with my Food and Drink, Boy!

John Carter: A Prisoner 
Reading Practice Passage

We had gone perhaps ten miles when the ground began to rise very rapidly.
We were, as I was later to learn, nearing the edge of one of Mars'
long-dead seas, in the bottom of which my encounter with the Martians
had taken place. WCPM 44

In a short time we gained the foot of the mountains, and after traversing
a narrow gorge came to an open valley, at the far extremity of which
was a low table land upon which I beheld an enormous city. Toward this
we galloped, entering it by what appeared to be a ruined roadway leading
out from the city, but only to the edge of the table land, where it
ended abruptly in a flight of broad steps. WCPM 125

Upon closer observation I saw as we passed them that the buildings
were deserted, and while not greatly decayed had the appearance of not
having been tenanted for years, possibly for ages. Toward the center of
the city was a large plaza, and upon this and in the buildings immediately
surrounding it were camped some nine or ten hundred creatures of
the same breed as my captors, for such I now considered them despite
the suave manner in which I had been trapped. WCPM 209

With the exception of their ornaments all were unclothed. The women varied
in appearance but little from the men, except that their tusks were
much larger in proportion to their height, in some instances curving
nearly to their high-set ears. Their bodies were smaller and lighter in color,
and their fingers and toes bore the rudiments of nails, which were entirely
lacking among the males. The adult females ranged in height from
ten to twelve feet. WCPM 289

What was the state of the dwellings in the city, particularly the state of habitation?
A. The dwellings seem to have recent tenants.
B. The dwellings are inhabited and in pristine condition.
C. The city is slightly damaged with no apparent habitation.

 John Carter: My Advent on Mars
 Reading Practice Passage
I opened my eyes upon a strange and weird landscape. I knew that I was
on Mars; not once did I question either my sanity or my wakefulness. I
was not asleep, no need for pinching here; my inner consciousness told
me as plainly that I was upon Mars as your conscious mind tells you that
you are upon Earth. You do not question the fact; neither did I.
I found myself lying prone upon a bed of yellowish, moss-like vegetation
which stretched around me in all directions for interminable miles. I
seemed to be lying in a deep, circular basin, along the outer verge of
which I could distinguish the irregularities of low hills. WCPM 115

It was midday, the sun was shining full upon me and the heat of it was
rather intense upon my unclothed body, yet no greater than would have
been true under similar conditions on an Arizona desert. Here and there
were slight outcroppings of quartz-bearing rock which glistened in the
sunlight; and a little to my left, perhaps a hundred yards, appeared a
low, walled enclosure about four feet in height. No water, and no other
vegetation than the moss was in evidence, and as I was somewhat thirsty
I determined to do a little exploring. WCPM 212

Springing to my feet I received my first Martian surprise, for the effort,
which on Earth would have brought me standing upright, carried me into
the Martian air to the height of about three yards. I alighted softly
upon the ground, however, without appreciable shock or jar. Now commenced
a series of evolutions which even then seemed ludicrous in the
extreme. I found that I must learn to walk all over again, as the muscular
exertion which carried me easily and safely upon Earth played strange
antics with me upon Mars. WCPM 303

The terrain is similar to the Arizona Desert in what way?
A. The rocks are shimmering and covered with moss.
B. The terrain is arid and hot with no deciduous flora.
C. The land looks like Arizona with cacti and large rock outcroppings.

Around the World in 80 Days: Fluency Drill / Reading Level 6.4

IN WHICH PHILEAS FOGG SECURES A CURIOUS MEANS OF CONVEYANCE AT A FABULOUS PRICE Author: Jules Verne Chapter XI

The train had started punctually. Among the passengers were a number of officers, Government officials, and opium and indigo merchants, whose business called them to the eastern coast. Passepartout rode in the same carriage with his master, and a third passenger occupied a seat opposite to them.47WCPM This was Sir Francis Cromarty, one of Mr.Fogg's whist partners on the Mongolia, now on his way to join his corps at Benares. Sir Francis was a tall, fair man of fifty, who had greatly distinguished himself in the last Sepoy revolt. He made India his home, only paying brief visits to England at rare intervals; and was almost as familiar as a native with the customs, history, and character of India and its people. 123WCPM But Phileas Fogg, who was not travelling, but only describing a circumference, took no pains to inquire into these subjects; he was a solid body, traversing an orbit around the terrestrial globe, according to the laws of rational mechanics. He was at this moment calculating in his mind the number of hours spent since his departure from London, and, had it been in his nature to make a useless demonstration, would have rubbed his hands for satisfaction.201 Sir Francis Cromarty had observed the oddity of his travelling companion--although the only opportunity he had for studying him had been while he was dealing the cards, and between two rubbers—and questioned himself whether a human heart really beat beneath this coldexterior, and whether Phileas Fogg had any sense of the beauties of nature.258WCPM The brigadier-general was free to mentally confess that, of all the eccentric persons he had ever met, none was comparable to this product of the exact sciences.285 WCPM

Around the World in 80 Days: Fluency Drill / Reading Level 6.0

IN WHICH CERTAIN INCIDENTS ARE NARRATED WHICH ARE ONLY TO BE MET WITH ON AMERICAN RAILROADS Author: Jules Verne Chapter XXIX


Nothing could be more simple. Indeed, it was all so simple that Fix and Passepartout felt their hearts beating as if they would crack. They were listening for the whistle agreed upon, when suddenly savage cries resounded in the air, accompanied by reports which certainly did not issue from the car where the duelists were. The reports continued in front and the whole length of the train. Cries of terror proceeded
from the interior of the cars. 77 WCPM

Colonel Proctor and Mr. Fogg, revolvers in hand, hastily quitted their prison, and rushed forward where the noise was most clamorous. They then perceived that the train was attacked by a band of Sioux. 113 WCPM

This was not the first attempt of these daring Indians, for more than once they had waylaid trains on the road. A hundred of them had, according to their habit, jumped upon the steps without stopping the train, with the ease of a clown mounting a horse at full gallop. WCPM 165

The Sioux were armed with guns, from which came the reports, to which the passengers, who were almost all armed, responded by revolver-shots. WCPM 190

The Indians had first mounted the engine, and half stunned the engineer and stoker with blows from their muskets. A Sioux chief, wishing to stop the train, but not knowing how to work the regulator, had opened
wide instead of closing the steam-valve, and the locomotive was plunging forward with terrific velocity. WCPM 244

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas: Fluency Drill / Reading Level 9.0
An Underwater Tour of the World By JULES VERNEA Runaway Reef  CHAPTER 1

THE YEAR 1866 was marked by a bizarre development, an unexplained and downright inexplicable phenomenon that surely no one has forgotten. Without getting into those rumors that upset civilians
in the seaports and deranged the public mind even far inland, it must be said that professional seamen were especially alarmed. Traders, shipowners, captains of vessels, skippers, and master mariners from Europe and America, naval officers from every country, and at their heels the various national governments on these two continents, were all extremely disturbed by the business.92 WCPM

In essence, over a period of time several ships had encountered "an enormous thing" at sea, a long spindle-shaped object, sometimes giving off a phosphorescent glow, infinitely bigger and faster than any whale.121 WCPM

The relevant data on this apparition, as recorded in various logbooks, agreed pretty closely as to the structure of the object or creature in question, its unprecedented speed of movement, its startling
locomotive power, and the unique vitality with which it seemed to be gifted. If it was a cetacean, it exceeded in bulk any whale previously classified by science. No naturalist, neither Cuvier nor Lacépède, neither Professor Dumeril nor Professor de Quatrefages, would have accepted the existence of such a monster sight unseen-- specifically, unseen by their own scientific eyes. WCPM 213


Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas:
Fluency Drill / Reading Level 9.0
An Underwater Tour of the World By JULES VERNE
CHAPTER 11 The Nautilus

CAPTAIN NEMO stood up. I followed him. Contrived at the rear of the dining room, a double door opened, and I entered a room whose dimensions equaled the one I had just left.

It was a library. Tall, black-rosewood bookcases, inlaid with copperwork, held on their wide shelves a large number of uniformly bound books. These furnishings followed the contours of the room, their lower parts leading to huge couches upholstered in maroon leather and curved for maximum comfort. Light, movable reading stands, which could be pushed away or pulled near as desired, allowed books to be positioned on them for easy study. In the center stood a huge table covered with pamphlets, among which some  newspapers, long out of date, were visible. Electric light flooded this whole harmonious totality, falling from
four frosted half globes set in the scrollwork of the ceiling. I stared in genuine wonderment at this room so ingeniously laid out, and I couldn't believe my eyes. WCPM 161

"Captain Nemo," I told my host, who had just stretched out on a couch, "this is a library that would do credit to more than onecontinental palace, and I truly marvel to think it can go with you into the deepest seas." WCPM 206

"Where could one find greater silence or solitude, professor?" Captain Nemo replied. "Did your study at the museum afford you such a perfect retreat?"

"No, sir, and I might add that it's quite a humble one next to yours. You own 6,000 or 7,000 volumes here . . ." WCPM 257

"12,000, Professor Aronnax. They're my sole remaining ties with dry land. But I was done with the shore the day my Nautilus submerged for the first time under the waters. That day I purchased my last volumes, my last pamphlets, my last newspapers, and ever since I've chosen to believe that humanity no longer thinks or writes. In any event, professor, these books are at your disposal, and you may use them freely." WCPM 333

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas:
Fluency Drill / Reading Level 12.0
An Underwater Tour of the World By JULES VERNE

CHAPTER 9 A Lost Continent/ATLANTIS

What lightning flashed through my mind! Atlantis, that ancient land of Meropis mentioned by the historian Theopompus; Plato's Atlantis; the continent whose very existence has been denied by such philosophers
and scientists as Origen, Porphyry, Iamblichus, d'Anville, Malte-Brun, and Humboldt, who entered its disappearance in the ledger of myths and folk tales; the country whose reality has nevertheless been accepted by such other thinkers as Posidonius, Pliny, Ammianus Marcellinus, Tertullian, Engel, Scherer, Tournefort, Buffon, and d'Avezac; I had this land right under my eyes, furnishing its own unimpeachable evidence of the catastrophe that had overtaken it! So this was the submerged region that had existed outside Europe, Asia, and Libya, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, home of those powerful Atlantean people against whom ancient Greece had waged its earliest wars! WCPM 120

The writer whose narratives record the lofty deeds of those heroic times is Plato himself. His dialogues Timaeus and Critias were drafted with the poet and legislator Solon as their inspiration, as it were. WCPM 166

One day Solon was conversing with some elderly wise men in the Egyptian capital of Sais, a town already 8,000 years of age, as documented by the annals engraved on the sacred walls of its temples. One of these elders related the history of another town 1,000 years older still. This original city of Athens, ninety centuries old, had been invaded and partly destroyed by the Atlanteans. These Atlanteans, he said, resided on an  immense continent greater than Africa and Asia combined, taking in an area that lay between latitude 12 degrees and 40 degrees north. Their dominion extended even to Egypt. They tried to enforce their rule as far as Greece, but they had to retreat before the indomitable resistance of the Hellenic people. Centuries passed. A cataclysm occurred--floods, earthquakes. A single night and day were enough to obliterate this Atlantis, whose highest peaks (Madeira, the Azores, the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands) still emerge above the waves. WCPM 323

A Journey into the Interior of the Earth:
Fluency Drill / Reading Level 6.0
Chapter 27 Lost in the Bowels of the Earth by Jules Verne
To describe my despair would be impossible. No words could tell it. Idescribe my despair would be impossible. No words could tell it. Iwas buried alive, with the prospect before me of dying of hunger and
thirst. Mechanically I swept the ground with my hands. How dry and hard the rock seemed to me! But how had I left the course of the stream? For it was a terrible fact that it no longer ran at my side. Then I understood the reason of that fearful, silence, when for the last time I listened to hear if any sound from my companions could reach my ears. At the moment when I left the right road I had not noticed the absence of the stream. It is evident that at that moment a deviation had presented itself before me, whilst the Hansbach, following the caprice of another incline, had gone with my companions away into unknown depths. WCPM 146

How was I to return? There was not a trace of their footsteps or of my own, for the foot left no mark upon the granite floor. I racked my brain for a solution of this impracticable problem. One word described my position. Lost! Lost at an immeasurable depth! Thirty leagues of rock seemed to weigh upon my shoulders with a dreadful pressure. I felt crushed. I tried to carry back my ideas to things on the surface of the earth. I could scarcely succeed. Hamburg, the house in the Königstrasse, my poor Gräuben, all that busy world underneath which I was wandering about, was passing in rapid confusion before my terrified memory. I could revive with vivid reality all the incidents of our voyage, Iceland, M. Fridrikssen, Snæfell. I said to myself that if, in such a position as I was now in, I was fool enough to cling to one glimpse of hope, it would be madness, and that the best thing I could do was to despair. WCPM 318

George Washington Carver 
Fluency Drill / Reading Level 6.0

George Washington Carver was an American scientist, botanist, educator, and inventor. He was born into slavery during the America Civil wart in Missouri a year before the end of the war. CWPM 31

When George Washington Carver was only a week old, George, a sister, and his mother were kidnapped by night raiders from Arkansas. George's brother, James, was rushed to safety from the kidnappers. The kidnappers sold the slaves in Kentucky. Moses Carver hired John Bentley to find them, but he located only the infant George. Moses negotiated with the raiders to gain the boy's return. and rewarded Bentley. CWPM 99

After slavery was abolished, Moses Carver and his wife Susan raised George and his older brother James as their own children. They encouraged George to continue his love of learning and reading, and his "Auntie Susan" taught him the basics of reading and writing that he turned into a lifelong passion of learning. CWPM 147

African American people were not allowed to go to white only public schools in Diamond Grove. The nearest segregated school for African American children was 10 miles away in Neosho, George decided to go there to continue his education. When he reached the town, he found the school closed for the night. He slept in a nearby barn. By his own account, the next morning he met a kind woman, Mariah Watkins, from whom he wished to rent a room. When he identified himself as "Carver's George," as he had done his whole life, she replied that from now on his name was "George Carver". George liked this lady very much, and her words, "You must learn all you can, then go back out into the world and give your learning back to the people", made a great impression on him. CWPM 286